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Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009
Open accessAbstract
Different types of cell death are often defined by morphological criteria, without a clear reference to precise biochemical mechanisms. The Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposes unified criteria for the definition of cell death and of its different morphologies, while formulating several caveats against the misuse of words and concepts that slow down progress in the area of cell death research. Authors, reviewers and editors of scientific periodicals are invited to abandon expressions like 'percentage apoptosis' and to replace them with more accurate descriptions of the biochemical and cellular parameters that are actually measured. Moreover, at the present stage, it should be accepted that caspase-independent mechanisms can cooperate with (or substitute for) caspases in the execution of lethal signaling pathways and that 'autophagic cell death' is a type of cell death occurring together with (but not necessarily by) autophagic vacuolization. This study details the 2009 recommendations of the NCCD on the use of cell death-related terminology including 'entosis', 'mitotic catastrophe', 'necrosis', 'necroptosis' and 'pyroptosis'.
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“for example, caspase activity can lead to the proteolytic destruction of immunodominant epitopes57.”
From Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death (2009) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Notably, macroautophagy is typically a protective and anti-apoptotic mechanism, and therefore autophagic cell death may involve hyper-activation of a normally beneficial process.”
From Programmed cell death in aging (2015) · cites this paper as Kroemer et al., 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., Vandenabeele, P., Abrams, J., Alnemri, E. S., Baehrecke, E. H., Blagosklonny, M. V., El-Deiry, W. S., Golstein, P., Green, D. R., Hengartner, M., Knight, R. A., Kumar, S., Lipton, S. A., Malorni, W., Nuñez, G., Peter, M. E., Tschopp, J., Yuan, J., Piacentini, M., Zhivotovsky, B., & Melino, G.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Albany Research Institute (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University College London (GB)
- Hanson Institute (AU)
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Kroemer, G
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Death & Differentiation
- Published
- 2008-10-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-11
- ISSN
- 1350-9047 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5403
- PMC
- PMC2744427
- OpenAlex
- W1976881265
- Cited by
- 3,399
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 188 · 2017: 210 · 2016: 236 · 2015: 230 · 2014: 256 · 2013: 254 · 2012: 240
- FWCI
- 95.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cell Death and Differentiation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY005477)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R56GM072124, R01GM059136, R01GM079431)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, entosis, autophagic cell death, caspase-independent cell death
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Cell Death
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