Cited by 2,421Cell death mechanisms and regulationAutophagy in Disease and TherapyDeath, Funerary Practices, and Mourning

Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012

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Galluzzi, L, Vitale, I, Abrams, J M, Alnemri, E S, Baehrecke, E H, Blagosklonny, M V, Dawson, T M, Dawson, V L +25 more·2012·Cell Death & Differentiation

Abstract

In 2009, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposed a set of recommendations for the definition of distinct cell death morphologies and for the appropriate use of cell death-related terminology, including 'apoptosis', 'necrosis' and 'mitotic catastrophe'. In view of the substantial progress in the biochemical and genetic exploration of cell death, time has come to switch from morphological to molecular definitions of cell death modalities. Here we propose a functional classification of cell death subroutines that applies to both in vitro and in vivo settings and includes extrinsic apoptosis, caspase-dependent or -independent intrinsic apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death and mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, we discuss the utility of expressions indicating additional cell death modalities. On the basis of the new, revised NCCD classification, cell death subroutines are defined by a series of precise, measurable biochemical features.

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Crossref · 10.1038/cdd.2011.96

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  • Claim (b) is stronger than claim (a) and needs proof that inhibiting autophagy prevents cell death.

    “Clearly claim (b) is stronger than claim (a), and needs to be justified by proof that inhibiting autophagy, through either genetic or chemical means, prevents cell death.669”
  • The apoptosis induced by the combination of etoposide and Nutlin 3a is caspase-independent.

    “arguing for caspase-independent apoptosis.43”
  • PCD and necrosis mechanisms can sometimes overlap, and necrosis is a more regulated process than was previously assumed.

    “However, more recently it has become clear that the PCD and necrosis mechanisms can sometimes overlap, and that necrosis is a more regulated process than was previously assumed(Galluzzi et al., 2012).”

    From Programmed cell death in aging (2015) · cites this paper as Galluzzi et al., 2012

  • Macroautophagy is typically a protective and anti-apoptotic mechanism, and therefore autophagic cell death may involve hyper-activation of a normally beneficial process.

    “Notably, macroautophagy is typically a protective and anti-apoptotic mechanism, and therefore autophagic cell death may involve hyper-activation of a normally beneficial process.”

    From Programmed cell death in aging (2015) · cites this paper as Galluzzi et al., 2012

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Authors
Galluzzi, L., Vitale, I., Abrams, J. M., Alnemri, E. S., Baehrecke, E. H., Blagosklonny, M. V., Dawson, T. M., Dawson, V. L., El-Deiry, W. S., Fulda, S., Gottlieb, E., Green, D. R., Hengartner, M. O., Kepp, O., Knight, R. A., Kumar, S., Lipton, S. A., Lu, X., Madeo, F., Malorni, W., Mehlen, P., Nuñez, G., Peter, M. E., Piacentini, M., Rubinsztein, D. C., Shi, Y., Simon, H.-U., Vandenabeele, P., White, E., Yuan, J., Zhivotovsky, B., Melino, G., & Kroemer, G.
Affiliations
  • Inserm (FR)
  • Université Paris-Sud (FR)
  • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
  • Thomas Jefferson University (US)
  • University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
  • Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
  • Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute (GB)
  • St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • University College London (GB)
  • South Australia Pathology (AU)
  • Scripps Research Institute (US)
  • University of Graz (AT)
  • Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (CN)
  • University of Bern (CH)
  • Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
  • Rutgers Cancer Institute (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Kroemer, G
Venue
Cell Death & Differentiation
Published
2011-07-15
Volume
19
Issue
1
Pages
107-120
ISSN
  • 1350-9047 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5403
OpenAlex
W2030864103
Cited by
2,421
References
186
Citations by year
2026: 38 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 174 · 2017: 185 · 2016: 258 · 2015: 275 · 2014: 262 · 2013: 263 · 2012: 153
FWCI
20.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cell Death and Differentiation (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
  • Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
  • Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM072124, R01GM079431)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P50NS038377, R01NS067525)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Keywords
cell death, apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death, mitotic catastrophe, caspase-dependent apoptosis, caspase-independent apoptosis, extrinsic apoptotic pathway
MeSH terms
Animals, Autophagy, Cells, Humans, Mitosis, Necrosis, Terminology as Topic, Apoptosis, Caspases

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