The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Determinants of nicotine intake while chewing nicotine polacrilex gum
Abstract
Nicotine polacrilex gum is widely used as substitution therapy during cigarette smoking cessation. We studied circadian blood nicotine concentrations, daily intake of nicotine, and extraction of nicotine from gum in smokers switched experimentally to 2 or 4 mg nicotine gum, 12 pieces per day. Nicotine levels and intake were much lower while chewing gum than during ad libitum smoking. Extraction of nicotine from gum by the chewer was incomplete, averaging 53% and 72% for 2 and 4 mg gum, and variable (more than twofold) among individuals. The systemic dose of nicotine was less than expected based on analysis of nicotine in the chewed gum. Disproportionately higher metabolite-to-nicotine ratios while chewing gum compared with smoking suggested that some nicotine was swallowed and underwent first-pass metabolism. Nicotine and metabolite data were used to estimate buccal vs. gastrointestinal absorption. Relative buccal absorption vs. swallowing of nicotine appears to be an important determinant of systemic nicotine intake.
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Citations
Cited by
Farsalinos, K. E., Spyrou, A., Tsimopoulou, K., Stefopoulos, C., Romagna, G., & Voudris, V. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04133 · Cited by 435
Kamimori, G. H., Karyekar, C. S., Otterstetter, R., Cox, D. S., Balkin, T. J., Belenky, G. L., & Eddington, N. D. (2002) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00958-9 · Cited by 390
Clinical Pharmacology of Nicotine
Benowitz, N. L. (1986) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.me.37.020186.000321 · Cited by 352
Self-citationCYP2A6 genotype and the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine
BENOWITZ, N., SWAN, G., JACOBIII, P., LESSOVSCHLAGGAR, C., & TYNDALE, R. (2006) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.08.011 · Cited by 217
Self-citationNicotine Replacement Therapy: What Has Been Accomplished - Can We Do Better?
Benowitz, N. L. (1993) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199345020-00001 · Cited by 174
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Metadata
- Authors
- Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., & Savanapridi, C.
- Venue
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1987-04
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 467-473
- ISSN
- 0009-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6535
- OpenAlex
- W2075549509
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., & Savanapridi, C. (1987). Determinants of nicotine intake while chewing nicotine polacrilex gum. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1987.58
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