The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Subjective and Physiological Effects After Controlled Sativex and Oral THC Administration
Open accessAbstract
Sativex is a cannabis-plant extract delivering nearly 1:1 Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) by oromucosal spray. It has been suggested that CBD attenuates THC-induced tachycardia, anxiety, and euphoria. In this study, pharmacodynamic effects were compared over 10.5 h in nine cannabis smokers randomly assigned to receive placebo, 5 and 15 mg oral synthetic THC, and low (5.4 mg THC, 5.0 mg CBD) and high (16.2 mg THC, 15.0 mg CBD) doses of Sativex. At therapeutic doses, no substantial CBD-induced modulation of THC's effects was evident. Oral THC and Sativex produced similar, clinically insignificant increases in heart rate, anxiety, and "good drug effects" with no serious adverse events. Oral and oromucosal THC have slower absorption, lower rate of THC delivery to the brain, and fewer associated adverse events as compared with smoked cannabis. These results indicate that Sativex has a pharmacodynamic safety profile comparable to that of oral THC at low, therapeutic doses.
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“The oral cannabinoids administration, on the other hand, avoids concentration peaks and with chronic administration, the individual differences in bioavailability are overcome [23, 33].”
From Nabilone for the treatment of medication overuse headache: results of a preliminary double-blind, active-controlled, randomized trial (2012) · cites this paper as [33]
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“The oral administration of cannabinoid drugs shows poorer bioavailability than when these drugs are administered by inhalation.”
From Nabilone for the treatment of medication overuse headache: results of a preliminary double-blind, active-controlled, randomized trial (2012) · cites this paper as [33]
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The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids
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“Human subjects given Sativex as a buccal spray (THC 16.2 mg and CBD 15.0 mg) averaged a CBD Cmax plasma concentration of 6.7 μg·L−1, range 2.0–20.5 μg·L−1 (Karschner et al., 2011a).”
BackgroundInfluentialCannabidiol Adverse Effects and Toxicity
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“The anti-neuropathic efficacy of non-selective CB agonist therapies, including the THC : CBD combination Sativex, appears promising; nonetheless, unwanted side effects, mainly the production of psychoactivity produced through activation of CB1 receptors, remain a hindrance to their wider use (Johnson et al., 2010; Kar…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Karschner, E. L., Darwin, W. D., McMahon, R. P., Liu, F., Wright, S., Goodwin, R. S., & Huestis, M. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- GW Pharmaceuticals (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Huestis, M A
- Venue
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-02-02
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 400-407
- ISSN
- 0009-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6535
- PMC
- PMC3836266
- OpenAlex
- W2143261008
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (ZIADA000541)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Keywords
- Sativex, cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol, pharmacodynamics, heart rate, anxiety, euphoria, cannabis smoking, drug delivery routes, adverse events
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Anxiety, Brain, Cannabidiol, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Mouth Mucosa, Plant Extracts, Psychotropic Drugs, Dronabinol, Tissue Distribution, Young Adult
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