Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine, and Body Weight
Open accessAbstract
Smokers generally gain weight when they quit smoking; this weight gain can lessen some of the health benefits of quitting smoking. We review the effectiveness of behavioral and pharmacological approaches to mitigating weight gain in the context of quitting smoking and consider mechanisms that could potentially account for the effects of smoking and nicotine on body weight. Understanding how nicotine affects body weight may lead to novel pharmacological and behavioral interventions for obesity as well as concurrent obesity and nicotine dependence. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 90 1, 164–168. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.105
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Nicotine has appetite-suppressing effects, leading many smokers to report reduced food intake.
“Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco, is known to cause appetite-suppressing effects leading many smokers to report reduced food intake on one hand”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The Physiology of Smoking Effect on Body Weight section describes nicotine’s appetite-suppressing effects, and the Natural History section says food intake can increase after smoking cessation. Neither section says that many smokers report reduced food intake; that self-report claim is not supported by our copy. Page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNicotine is a potent appetite suppressant that activates specific brain pathways to reduce hunger sensations.
“Nicotine, the primary addictive component in tobacco, has been identified as a potent appetite suppressant. Literature indicates that nicotine activates specific pathways in the brain that reduce hunger sensations.”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The Physiology of Smoking Effect on Body Weight section says nicotine acts on brain receptors and that its acute effects activate systems that decrease appetite. But it also says chronic changes are consistent with increased appetite; the unqualified description of nicotine as a potent appetite suppressant overstates the paper. The section discusses appetite and eating, rather than directly measuring hunger sensations; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSmoking is associated with an unhealthy distribution of body fat, particularly increased visceral fat, which elevates risk of heart disease, stroke and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
“However, smoking is also associated with an unhealthy distribution of body fat, particularly an increase in visceral fat, which elevates the risk of heart disease, stroke and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [5].”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The Physiology section (page unavailable) says smokers have a higher proportion of visceral fat and that a high waist-to-hip ratio is a cardiovascular risk factor. The Treatment section (page unavailable) also links smokers’ high visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio to cardiovascular risk. The paper associates increased visceral fat with insulin resistance and says smoking can cause diabetes, but it does not say that visceral fat itself elevates the risk of stroke, insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNicotine interacts with the brain's reward system and alters neurotransmitter activity, particularly dopamine and serotonin, which play key roles in hunger and satiety regulation.
“Studies have shown that nicotine interacts with the brain's reward system and alters neurotransmitter activity, particularly dopamine and serotonin, which play key roles in hunger and satiety regulation [2, 3, 4, 5-6].”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Smokers weigh, on average, 4-5 kilograms less than non-smokers.
“Research indicates that smokers weigh, on average, 4-5 kilograms less than non- smokers.”
From Smoking and its impact on eating behavior: A review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Nicotine, on the other hand suppresses weight [59, 60] by elevating resting metabolism while blunting the subsequently expected increase in caloric consumption [61], increasing thermogenesis in adipose tissue [62] and increasing 24-hour energy expenditure [63].”
Unemployment, underweight, and obesity: Findings from Understanding Society (UKHLS)
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Cigarette Smoking: An Accessory to the Development of Insulin Resistance
Artese, A., STAMFORD, B. A., & Moffatt, R. J. (2017) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827617726516 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“While the mechanism underlying this relationship is not fully understood, nicotine can influence caloric consumption and energy expenditure by promoting the release of norepinephrine, serotonin, and other factors that can influence the brain to alter appetite and/ or metabolic rate.(27) Initially, there could be a red…”
BackgroundInfluentialCoté, M. L., Alhajj, T., Ruterbusch, J. J., Bernstein, L., Brinton, L. A., Blot, W. J., Chen, C., Gass, M. L. S., Gaussoin, S. A., Henderson, B. E., et al. (2014) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0510-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“[35, 36] Ever smoking women have also been shown to have lower ages at natural menopause compared to never smokers, and to be thinner.[37, 38] In 2011, 15.”
BackgroundEffects of nicotine on homeostatic and hedonic components of food intake
Stojakovic, A., Espinosa, E. V. P., Farhad, O. T., & Lutfy, K. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-17-0166 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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Obesity and dissociable forms of impulsivity in young adults
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“Overweight individuals may use smoking as a means of trying to regulate their weight, since nicotine can dampen appetite; it is also established that acute increases in weight are frequently observed following smoking cessation.(31) The relationship between smoking and obesity is likely to be complex: cross-sectional…”
BackgroundRodent models for nicotine withdrawal
Chellian, R., Behnood‐Rod, A., Bruijnzeel, D. M., Wilson, R., Pandy, V., & Bruijnzeel, A. W. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211005629 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Smokers gain less weight over time than non-smokers and smoking cessation can cause excessive weight gain (Audrain-McGovern and Benowitz, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWeight gain in healthy pregnant women in relation to pre-pregnancy BMI, diet and physical activity
Merkx, A., Ausems, M., Budé, L. M., Vries, R. G. D., & Nieuwenhuijze, M. J. (2015) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2015.04.008 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Targeting GLP-1 receptors to reduce nicotine use disorder: Preclinical and clinical evidence
Herman, R. J., & Schmidt, H. D. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114565 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Effects of Smoking on the Diagnostic Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome: A Review
Behl, T. A., STAMFORD, B. A., & Moffatt, R. J. (2022) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276221111046 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Despite the hazards associated with smoking, it has often been viewed as a way to control body weight.(17,19) When compared to nonsmokers, current smokers have been shown to display a lower BMI.”
BackgroundInfluentialPengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084198 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Smoking may act on body weight “by increasing energy expenditure and inhibiting the expected compensatory increase in caloric intake” [39].”
BackgroundFactors associated with risk of malnutrition in the elderly in south-eastern Brazil.
Damião, R., Santos, Á. D. S., Matijasevich, A., & Menezes, P. (2017) · Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · doi:10.1590/1980-5497201700040004 · Cited by 49
Pool, L. R., Carnethon, M., Goff, D., Gordon-Larsen, P., Robinson, W., & Kershaw, K. N. (2017) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000792 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Prokopidis, K., & Witard, O. C. (2021) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422421000135 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Moreover, pre-clinical weight loss studies have demonstrated reductions in BMI to be associated with increased smoking duration (29 – 32) .”
The Diverse Involvement of Cigarette Smoking in Pancreatic Cancer Development and Prognosis
Weissman, S. I., Takakura, K., Eibl, G., Pandol, S. J., & Saruta, M. (2020) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000001550 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Although smokers weigh less than nonsmokers, upon cessation their weight returns to that observed in nonsmokers, with some smokers, gaining evenmoreweight.(61) Furthermore, smoking plays an important indirect role in PDAC carcinogenesis by its ability to induce DNAmethylation aswell as create DNA adducts.”
BackgroundClemmensen, C., Jall, S., Kleinert, M., Quarta, C., Gruber, T., Reber, J., Sachs, S., Fischer, K., Feuchtinger, A., Karlas, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06769-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
An overview of energy and metabolic regulation
Wen, S., Wang, C., Gong, M., & Zhou, L. (2018) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-018-9371-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that nicotine can enhance energy expenditure and affect food preferences (Audrain-McGovern and Benowitz, 2011; Geha et al., 2013), which in turn results in sweeter flavors of ingested food than sensed by nonsmokers, but it also lowers body weight in active smokers and is…”
BackgroundTuovinen, E.-L., Saarni, S. E., Männistö, S., Borodulin, K., Patja, K., Kinnunen, T., Kaprio, J. A., & Korhonen, T. (2016) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.07.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“NRISK2007 data (n = 2738). people, whereas in normal weight people the function of HPA axis is normal (Audrain-Mcgovern and Benowitz, 2011; Incollingo Rodriguez et al., 2015; Rohleder and Kirschbaum, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialFujiyoshi, A., Miura, K., Kadowaki, S., Azuma, K., Tanaka, S., Hisamatsu, T., Arima, H., Kadota, A., Miyagawa, N., Takashima, N., et al. (2016) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.013 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Weight Gain After Smoking Cessation and Risk of Major Chronic Diseases and Mortality
Sahle, B. W., Chen, W. L., Rawal, L. B., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7044 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Najafi, F., Soltani, S., Matin, B. K., Karyani, A. K., Rezaei, S., Soofi, M., Salimi, Y., Moradinazar, M., Hajizadeh, M., Barzegar, L., et al. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8322-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
de Munter, J. S., Tynelius, P., Magnusson, C., & Rasmussen, F. E. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494815569865 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“there is a large evidence base describing the adverse health effects of smoking [25], but also the negative effect of smoking cessation on weight [26], the latter of which was also observed in our study.”
BackgroundHossain, M. J., Ahmmed, F., Khan, M. R., Rashid, P. T., Hossain, S., Rafi, M. O., Islam, M. R., Mitra, S., Emran, T. B., Islam, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.873105 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The overweight population is more likely to smoke than normal-weight people, and then, again, cessation of smoking may increase body weight (19, 20).”
BackgroundTobacco-induced sleep disturbances: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Catoire, S., Nourredine, M., Lefebvre, S., Couraud, S., Gronfier, C., Rey, R., Peter‐Derex, L., Geoffroy, P. A., & Rolland, B. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101544 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Herman, R. J., Hayes, M. R., Audrain-McGovern, J. E., Ashare, R. L., & Schmidt, H. D. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06376-w · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Therefore, it is critical to identify novel pharmacotherapies that promote sustained smoking abstinence while minimizing post-cessation increases in caloric intake and subsequent body weight gain (Audrain-McGovern and Benowitz 2011; Bush et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCourse, risk factors, and adverse outcomes of disordered eating in pregnancy.
Chan, C.-Y., Lee, A., Koh, Y. W., Lam, S.-K., Lee, C.-P., Leung, K., & Tang, C. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23065 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hang, B., Snijders, A. M., Huang, Y., Schick, S. F., Wang, P., Xia, Y., Havel, C. M., Jacob, P., Benowitz, N. L., Destaillats, H., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41915 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Moreover, nicotine has been reported to induce bodyweight loss in both human and rodent studies through mechanisms including affecting hormones that control caloric intake and fat metabolisms 20–24 .”
Self-citationPrasedya, E. S., Ambana, Y., Martyasari, N. W. R., Aprizal, Y., Nurrijawati, N., & Sunarpi (2020) · Toxicological Research · doi:10.1007/s43188-019-00031-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have examined the relationship between smoking and body weight [31, 32].”
BackgroundContinuous outcome logistic regression for analyzing body mass index distributions
Lohse, T., Rohrmann, S., Faeh, D., & Hothorn, T. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.12934.1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Calarco, C. A., & Picciotto, M. R. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Phytochemicals derived from Nicotiana tabacum L. plant contribute to pharmaceutical development
Zhang, W., Pan, X., Fu, J., Cheng, W., Lin, H., Zhang, W., & Huang, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1372456 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
An association of smoking with serum urate and gout: A health paradox
Fanning, N., Merriman, T. R., Dalbeth, N., & Stamp, L. K. (2017) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.11.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nicotine' actions on energy balance: Friend or foe?
Seoane-Collazo, P., Diéguez, C., Nogueiras, R., Rahmouni, K., Fernández-Real, J., & López, M. (2020) · Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107693 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effect of patient-reported smoking status on short-term bariatric surgery outcomes
Inadomi, M. J., Iyengar, R., Fischer, I. P., Chen, X., Flagler, E. N., & Ghaferi, A. A. (2017) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-017-5728-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“postoperative resumption of smoking [26].”
Driva, S., Korkontzelou, A., Tonstad, S., Tentolouris, N., & Katsaounou, P. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013222 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“A 10% increase in 24 h energy expenditure corresponds to approximately 200 kcal per 24 h, and under the condition of a stable caloric intake, this change may result in the loss of 10 kg of body weight over 1 year [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation of Cardiometabolic Disease With Cancer in the Community
Liu, E. E., Suthahar, N., Paniagua, S. M., Wang, D., Lau, E. S., Li, S. X., Jovani, M., Takvorian, K. S., Kreger, B. E., Benjamin, E. J., et al. (2022) · JACC CardioOncology · doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.01.095 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“VAT but not subcutaneous adipose tissue was associated with risk for overall cancer (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.43), lung cancer (HR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.01-3.66), and melanoma (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-2.38) independent of BMI.”
ResultInfluentialObesity, visceral adiposity and carotid atherosclerosis.
Haberka, M., Skilton, M., Biedroń, M., Szóstak-Janiak, K., Partyka, M., Matla, M., & Gąsior, Z. (2019) · Journal of diabetes and its complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.01.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Raatz, S., Jahns, L., Johnson, L., Scheett, A., Carriquiry, A., Lemieux, A., Nakajima, M., & al'Absi, M. (2017) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“As in our study, an assessment of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin C in respondents of the 1976–1980 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) demonstrated that approximately 60% of smokers reported intakes below the DRI and that these intakes correlated with low concentrations of vitamin C i…”
BackgroundHow Dangerous Is Obesity? Issues in Measurement and Interpretation
Stokes, A., & Preston, S. H. (2016) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12015 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“A review of epidemiologic and biomedical studies of the effect of smoking on weight suggests that US smokers weigh, on average, 4–5 kg less than nonsmokers (Audrain-McGovern and Benowitz 2011).”
BackgroundLiao, C., Gao, W., Cao, W., Lv, J., Yu, C., Wang, S., Zhou, B., Pang, Z., Cong, L., Dong, Z., et al. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2967-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Nicotine during cigarette smoking acutely increases energy expenditure and reduces appetite [29] which could explain the lower body weight found in current smokers.”
BackgroundAdverse Health Effects of Tobacco and Role of Ayurveda in their Reduction
Semwal, D., Mishra, S., Chauhan, A., & Semwal, R. (2015) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2015.139.146 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Khaled, S. S., Makled, M., & Nader, M. A. (2020) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118426 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rapid-onset anorectic effects of intranasal oxytocin in young men
Burmester, V., Higgs, S., & Terry, P. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
López-Sobaler, A. M., Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, E., Bartrina, J. A., Gil, Á., González‐Gross, M., Serra‐Majem, L., Varela‐Moreiras, G., & Anta, R. M. O. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169027 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The associations between smoking and obesity in northeast China: a quantile regression analysis
Sun, M., Jiang, Y. L., Sun, C., Li, J., Guo, X., Lv, Y., Yu, Y., Yao, Y., & Jin, L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39425-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Willis, D. N., Popovech, M., Gany, F., Hoffman, C., Blum, J., & Zelikoff, J. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110100919 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“It is widely accepted that cigarette smoking leads to loss of appetite with subsequent weight loss [45–47], and cessation of cigarette smoking usually results in the opposite effect [48–50].”
BackgroundElectronic cigarette use among individuals with a self‐reported eating disorder diagnosis
Morean, M., & L'Insalata, A. M. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22793 · Cited by 32
“…an appetite–suppressant that curbs cravings (Chiolero, Faeh, Paccaud, & Cornuz, 2008) while increasing daily calorie expenditure by approximately 10% (Audrain-McGovern & Benowitz, 2011), and (2) the behavior of smoking can distract from or substitute for eating (Kovacs, Correa, & Brandon, 2014).”
BackgroundWeight Concerns and Use of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes among Young Adults
Bennett, B. L., & Pokhrel, P. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061084 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Since as early as the 1930s, tobacco marketing has directly or indirectly associated cigarette smoking with weight control [1].”
BackgroundLifestyle correlates of overweight in adults: a hierarchical approach (the SPOTLIGHT project)
Roda, C., Charreire, H., Feuillet, T., Mackenbach, J. D., Compernolle, S., Glonti, K., Bárdos, H., Rutter, H., McKee, M., Brug, J., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0439-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The influences of smoking and alcohol intake on body weight are also well documented [8 – 10].”
Bojanowska, E., & Ciosek, J. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666151109103147 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Active smokers maintain lower body weight than nonsmokers, and smoking cessation results in a fast weight gain in both men and women [224].”
BackgroundModeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems
Miliano, C., Scott, E. R., Murdaugh, L. B., Gnatowski, E. R., Faunce, C. L., Anderson, M. S., Reyes, M. M., Gregus, A. M., & Buczynski, M. W. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108458 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Do E‐cigarettes induce weight changes and increase cardiometabolic risk? A signal for the future
Verhaegen, A., & van Gaal, L. V. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12568 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“It is a major contributor to rewarding effects of the brain and interacts with opioid and dopamine circuits, by which it might also play a role in eating behaviour of smokers (33).”
BackgroundKimmey, B. A., Rupprecht, L. E., Hayes, M. R., & Schmidt, H. D. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12014 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stuart, C. E., Ko, J., Modesto, A., Ramos, G. C. A., Bharmal, S. H., Cho, J., Singh, R. G., & Petrov, M. (2020) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000001600 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“However, it should be recognized that postcessation weight gain is a well-documented phenomenon.(38,40,45) Smokers gain, on average, 4.”
BackgroundHirabayashi, M., Inoue, M., Sawada, N., Saito, E., Abe, S. K., Hidaka, A., Iwasaki, M., Yamaji, T., Shimazu, T., Shibuya, K., et al. (2019) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2019.101622 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hsieh, M., Tseng, P., Wu, Y., Tu, Y., Wu, H., Hsu, C., Lei, W., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Liang, C., et al. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12835 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Nicotine enhances sympathetic tone and increases metabolism, and stopping smoking and the lack of nicotine can decrease metabolism and promote weight gain.(4) Subjects who quit smoking have been reported to have an up to 80% increased likelihood of weight gain,(5) and a 1% to 25% increased likelihood of obesity.”
BackgroundPengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s206855 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Possible mechanisms through which tobacco use can reduce body weight have been described.(30) Overweight or obesitywas in this study significantly and positively associated hypertension, heart disease and high blood glucose levels, which is consistent with previous studies.”
Bloom, E., Farris, S. G., DiBello, A. M., & Abrantes, A. (2018) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1537495 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Nicotine suppresses appetite and increases metabolism, and also serves as a behavioral alternative to eating or a distraction from hunger or food craving (Audrain-McGovern and Benowitz, 2011).”
BackgroundE-cigarettes and Weight Loss—Product Design Innovation Insights From Industry Patents
Singh, H., Kennedy, R. D., Lagasse, L. P., Czaplicki, L., & Cohen, J. E. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx112 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Audrain-McGovern, J., & Benowitz, N. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Audrain-McGovern, J
- ORCID
- Audrain-McGovern, J
- Venue
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 164-168
- ISSN
- 0009-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6535
- PMC
- PMC3195407
- OpenAlex
- W2144936440
- Cited by
- 571
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA02277, R01DA002277, U01DA020830, R37DA002277)
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA143187)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, nicotine, body weight, weight gain after quitting smoking, nicotine dependence, obesity, pharmacological interventions, behavioral interventions, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight, Health Status, Humans, Nicotine, Obesity, Smoking, Weight Gain, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists
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