Body mass index and common mental disorders: exploring the shape of the association and its moderation by age, gender and education
Open accessAbstract
Background Obesity is known to be associated with increased prevalence of common mental disorders (for example, depression and anxiety), and there is evidence of age and gender differences in this relationship. However, categorisation of body mass index (BMI) and age has limited our ability to understand the nature of these differences. This study used continuous values of BMI and age to explore the shape of the association between common mental disorders and BMI and whether it varied with age, gender and education.Method The analysis used cross-sectional data on 7043 adults from the English 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Common mental disorders were assessed using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Cubic splines allowed BMI and age to have non-linear effects in the logistic regression analysis.Results BMI was strongly associated with the presence of common mental disorders, and there was clear evidence that this association varied with gender and age. In young women the probability of having a disorder increased as BMI increased, whereas in young men the relationship was U-shaped-probabilities were higher for both underweight and obese men. These associations diminished in older age groups, particularly when potential confounders such as physical health were taken into account. There was no evidence that the relationship varied with education.Conclusions Age and gender differences must be taken into account when investigating the link between BMI or obesity and common mental disorders. Furthermore, results of studies that categorise BMI may be highly sensitive to the width of the 'normal weight' reference category.
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Overweight/obesity and depression/anxiety very often overlap.
“Very often these conditions overlap”
From Mobile Apps for the Management of Comorbid Overweight/Obesity and Depression/Anxiety: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction reports an association between obesity and depression or anxiety, and the Descriptive statistics section finds higher prevalence of common mental disorders in some overweight and obese groups. But the association varies by age and gender, and the paper does not establish that these conditions overlap ‘very often’ across overweight and obese people generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExcess body weight is associated with increased prevalence of mental disorders.
“excess body weight is also known to be associated with increased prevalence of mental disorders [6–9]”
From Mobile Apps for the Management of Comorbid Overweight/Obesity and Depression/Anxiety: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- McCrea, R. L., Berger, Y. G., & King, M. B.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McCrea, R L
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2011-03-22
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 414-421
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W1966061208
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- body mass index, obesity, common mental disorders, depression, anxiety, age differences, gender differences, education, underweight, U-shaped relationship, nonlinear relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Educational Status, England, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sex Factors, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Young Adult
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