The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Selective Antimicrobial Action Is Provided by Phenol-Soluble Modulins Derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis, a Normal Resident of the Skin
Open accessAbstract
Antimicrobial peptides serve as a first line of innate immune defense against invading organisms such as bacteria and viruses. In this study, we hypothesized that peptides produced by a normal microbial resident of human skin, Staphylococcus epidermidis, might also act as an antimicrobial shield and contribute to normal defense at the epidermal interface. We show by circular dichroism and tryptophan spectroscopy that phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) gamma and delta produced by S. epidermidis have an alpha-helical character and a strong lipid membrane interaction similar to mammalian AMPs such as LL-37. Both PSMs directly induced lipid vesicle leakage and exerted selective antimicrobial action against skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. PSMs functionally cooperated with each other and LL-37 to enhance antimicrobial action. Moreover, PSMs reduced Group A Streptococcus (GAS) but not the survival of S. epidermidis on mouse skin. Thus, these data suggest that the production of PSMgamma and PSMdelta by S. epidermidis can benefit cutaneous immune defense by selectively inhibiting the survival of skin pathogens while maintaining the normal skin microbiome.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Commensal organisms such as strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis found in the skin secrete compounds that are themselves antibacterial, such as phenol-soluble modulins,4,5 and also interact with the host to induce AMP expression6 or reduce inflammation.6”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
Bäckhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104816 · Cited by 5,277
The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases
Carapetis, J. R., Steer, A. C., Mulholland, E. K., & Weber, M. (2005) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70267-x · Cited by 3,001
[14]Determination and analysis of urea and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation curves
Pace, C. N. (1986) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(86)31045-0 · Cited by 2,267
Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection
Nizet, V., Ohtake, T., Lauth, X., Trowbridge, J., Rudisill, J., Dorschner, R. A., Pestonjamasp, V., Piraino, J., Huttner, K., & Gallo, R. L. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35106587 · Cited by 1,198
Self-citationWang, R., Braughton, K. R., Kretschmer, D., Bach, T.-H. L., Queck, S. Y., Li, M., Kennedy, A. D., Dorward, D. W., Klebanoff, S. J., Peschel, A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1656 · Cited by 1,046
Self-citationA diversity profile of the human skin microbiotaPreprint
Grice, E. A., Kong, H. H., Renaud, G., Young, A., Bouffard, G. G., Blakesley, R. W., Wolfsberg, T. G., Turner, M. L. C., & Segre, J. A. (2008) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.075549.107 · Cited by 1,026
Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea
Yamasaki, K., Nardo, A. D., Bardan, A., Murakami, M., Ohtake, T., Coda, A. B., Dorschner, R. A., Bonnart, C., Descargues, P., Hovnanian, A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1616 · Cited by 864
Self-citationProtection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin
Salzman, N. H., Ghosh, D., Huttner, K. M., Paterson, Y. Y. W., & Bevins, C. L. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01520 · Cited by 765
Staphylococcus epidermidis infections
Vuong, C., & Otto, M. J. (2002) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01563-0 · Cited by 710
Self-citationMolecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biota
Gao, Z., Tseng, C., Pei, Z., & Blaser, M. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607077104 · Cited by 660
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–433 of 433
Human Cutaneous Microbiome and Skin Carcinogenesis: An Immunological Conundrum
Bose, A., Maitra, S., Sengupta, M., Chatterjee, D., & Bandyopadhyay, A. R. (2023) · Archives of Dermatology and Skin Care · doi:10.22259/2638-4914.0501001
Microbial Production of Fatty Acids for Control of Skin Microbiota
Nagao, T., Kikukawa, H., & Kazuhiko, Y. (2023) · Oleoscience · doi:10.5650/oleoscience.23.549
Papa, G., Pini, P., Bella, S. D., & Sidoti, G. B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45453-0_33
Inhibition of Clinical MRSA Isolates by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci of Human Origin
Twomey, E., O’Connor, P. M., Coffey, A., Kiste, M., Guinane, C. M., Hill, C., Field, D., & Begley, M. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13040338
Human Skin Microbiota – Essentials for Beauty Studio Professionals
Gajdka, W., Rakoczy, R., & Augustyniak, A. (2024) · Postępy Mikrobiologii - Advancements of Microbiology · doi:10.2478/am-2024-0009 · Cited by 1
Faccin, M., O’Neill, A. M., Lawhon, S. D., Worthing, K. A., Wiener, D. J., Gallo, R. L., & Hoffmann, A. R. (2024) · Veterinary Dermatology · doi:10.1111/vde.13308
Self-citationSkin microbiome composite features in Atopic Dermatitis via integration analysis across cohortsPreprint
Wang, Y., & Liu, B. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.653690
Caractérisation et étude du mode d'action de peptides anti-Legionella
Marchand, A. (2011) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Accorsi, E. K., Franzosa, E. A., Hsu, T. Y., Joice Cordy, R., Maayan‐Metzger, A., Jaber, H., Reiss-Mandel, A., Kline, M., DuLong, C. R., Lipsitch, M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13467281
Accorsi, E. K., Franzosa, E. A., Hsu, T. Y., Joice Cordy, R., Maayan‐Metzger, A., Jaber, H., Reiss-Mandel, A., Kline, M., DuLong, C. R., Lipsitch, M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13467285
Cutaneous microbiota: Role in skin diseases
Skiljevic, D. S. (2025) · Medicinski podmladak · doi:10.5937/mp76-60756
Hernández‐Zulueta, J., & la Rosa, A. G. (2026) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.70133
Bean, E. L., Cervantes, B., Armentrout, K., Hassaballah, A. H., Solebo, O., Arjes, H. A., Zalis, E. A., Lyons, A., Chin, D., Lio, P., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705787
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Bonaldo, F., & Leroy, F. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40344-6.00035-1
Marenna, A. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d2c20f17zb6ffz4e62zac0fzc1223641f6f8
Mécanisme de la dérégulation du cycle cellulaire de l'hôte par Staphylococcus aureus
Filho, R. A. E.-A. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b70c6d72ze5c0z4af3z87c8z7b08750d4d97
Morgene, M. F. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b0196800za02fz441eza108z5f55bfa12952
Computational modeling approaches to multifactorial aspects of atopic dermatitis
Greugny, E. T. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1a512e85z6b7bz4cccz8338z4431a1300e4f
Species and strain diversity in Staphylococcus drive divergent host responses in human skinPreprint
Yang, R., Severn, M. M., Aiken, E. S., Zhou, W., Voigt, A. Y., Walker, G., Koh, A. Y., Gong, M., Thapa, M., Li, S., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.30.720712
Understanding the human microbiome
Farooqui, A. K., Farooqui, A. K., & Amir, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40551-8.00006-8
Microbiome-based skin care formulations
Mir, I. A., & Tembhre, M. K. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-41640-8.00009-x
The Bacterial Landscape of Facial Skin: From Homeostasis to Skin Conditions
Ernst, S., & Dirschka, T. (2026) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-026-01830-x
Beyond the gut: the multisite microbiota and its emerging role in brain health
Shiadeh, S. M. J., Valles‐Colomer, M., Wegener, G., Cryan, J. F., Mallard, C. E., & Ardalan, M. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2702091
Lipid vesicular nanocarriers for the management of atopic dermatitis: a paradigm shift in healing
Behera, M., Mahale, P., Kaundal, R. K., & Shukla, R. (2026) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2026.2696893
Sood, A., Hajiarbabi, K., Ribeiro, W. R., Oliveira, A. C., Antunes, L. C. M., & Ferreira, R. B. R. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753553
Barrier dysfunction in allergic diseases: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapeutic targeting
Xiao, W., Wang, S., & 陶爱林 (2026) · Allergy medicine. · doi:10.1016/j.allmed.2026.100141
Targeted Microbiome Transplant in Atopic Dermatitis (ADRN-08)
Gallo, R. (2022) · ImmPort · doi:10.21430/m3couzopk1
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cogen, A. L., Yamasaki, K., Sanchez, K. M., Dorschner, R. A., Lai, Y., MacLeod, D. T., Torpey, J. W., Otto, M., Nizet, V., Kim, J. E., & Gallo, R. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallo, Richard L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 192-200
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2796468
- OpenAlex
- W2127706077
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, San Diego
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56AI083358, R01AI083358)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR052728, R21AR067547)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- phenol-soluble modulins, Staphylococcus epidermidis, antimicrobial peptides, skin microbiome, innate immunity, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, LL-37, alpha-helical structure, membrane lipid interactions, vesicle leakage, skin pathogens
- MeSH terms
- Epidermal Cells, Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Cell Membrane Permeability, Cells, Cultured, Circular Dichroism, Epidermis, Humans, Lipid Bilayers, Membranes, Artificial, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Staphylococcal Skin Infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcal Infections, Streptococcus pyogenes, Symbiosis, Keratinocytes, Protein Structure, Secondary, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
