Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 285

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Autism risk associated with parental age and with increasing difference in age between the parents

Open access
Sandin, S, Schendel, D, Magnusson, P, Hultman, C, Surén, P, Susser, E, Grønborg, T, Gissler, M, Gunnes, N, Gross, R, Henning, M, Bresnahan, M, Sourander, A, Hornig, M, Carter, K, Francis, R, Parner, E, Leonard, H, Rosanoff, M, Stoltenberg, C, Reichenberg, A·2016·Molecular Psychiatry
DOI 10.1038/mp.2015.70
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Advancing paternal and maternal age have both been associated with risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the shape of the association remains unclear, and results on the joint associations is lacking. This study tests if advancing paternal and maternal ages are independently associated with ASD risk and estimates the functional form of the associations. In a population-based cohort study from five countries (Denmark, Israel, Norway, Sweden and Western Australia) comprising 5 766 794 children born 1985-2004 and followed up to the end of 2004-2009, the relative risk (RR) of ASD was estimated by using logistic regression and splines. Our analyses included 30 902 cases of ASD. Advancing paternal and maternal age were each associated with increased RR of ASD after adjusting for confounding and the other parent's age (mothers 40-49 years vs 20-29 years, RR=1.15 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.24), P-value<0.001; fathers⩾50 years vs 20-29 years, RR=1.66 (95% CI: 1.49-1.85), P-value<0.001). Younger maternal age was also associated with increased risk for ASD (mothers <20 years vs 20-29 years, RR=1.18 (95% CI: 1.08-1.29), P-value<0.001). There was a joint effect of maternal and paternal age with increasing risk of ASD for couples with increasing differences in parental ages. We did not find any support for a modifying effect by the sex of the offspring. In conclusion, as shown in multiple geographic regions, increases in ASD was not only limited to advancing paternal or maternal age alone but also to differences parental age including younger or older similarly aged parents as well as disparately aged parents.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/mp.2015.70

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 35

  1. Grether JK, Anderson MC, Croen LA, Smith D, Windham GC . Risk of autism and increasing maternal and paternal age in a large north American population. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 1118–1126. · DOI · Paper page
  2. Parner ET, Baron-Cohen S, Lauritsen MB, Jørgensen M, Schieve LA, Yeargin-Allsopp M et al. Parental age and autism spectrum disorders. Ann Epidemiol 2012; 22: 143–150. · DOI · Paper page
  3. D’Onofrio BM, Rickert ME, Frans E, Kuja-Halkola R, Almqvist C, Sjölander A et al. Paternal age at childbearing and offspring psychiatric and academic morbidity. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71: 432–438. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Sandin S, Hultman CM, Kolevzon A, Gross R, Maccabe JH, Reichenberg A . Advancing maternal age is associated with increasing risk for autism: a review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51: 477–486.e1. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Durkin MS, Maenner MJ, Newschaffer CJ, Lee L-C, Cunniff CM, Daniels JL et al. Advanced parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168: 1268–1276. · DOI · Paper page
  6. Shelton JF, Tancredi DJ, Hertz-Picciotto I . Independent and dependent contributions of advanced maternal and paternal ages to autism risk. Autism Res 2010; 3: 30–39. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Malaspina D, Harlap S, Fennig S, Heiman D, Nahon D, Feldman D et al. Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 361–367. · DOI · Paper page
  8. Ek M, Wicks S, Svensson AC, Idring S, Dalman C . Advancing paternal age and schizophrenia: the impact of delayed fatherhood. Schizophr Bull 2014; 41: 708–714. · DOI
  9. Bourne H . Parental age difference and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184: 540–541. · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.6.540
  10. Kinzler WL, Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM . Parental age difference and adverse perinatal outcomes in the United States. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002; 16: 320–327. · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3016.2002.00449.x
  11. Schendel DE, Bresnahan M, Carter KW, Francis RW, Gissler M, Grønborg TK et al. The International Collaboration for Autism Registry Epidemiology (iCARE): multinational registry-based investigations of autism risk factors and trends. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 43: 2650–2663. · DOI
  12. Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh Y-J, Kim YS, Kauchali S, Marcín C et al. Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Res 2012; 5: 160–179. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Ananth CV, Chauhan SP . Epidemiology of twinning in developed countries. Semin Perinatol 2012; 36: 156–161. · DOI · Paper page
  14. Smith PL . Splines as a useful and convenient statistical tool. Am Stat 1979; 33: 57–62. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Borgan O, Langholz B, Samuelsen SO, Goldstein L, Pogoda J . Exposure stratified case-cohort designs. Lifetime Data Anal 2000; 6: 39–58. · DOI
  16. Barlow WE . Robust variance estimation for the case-cohort design. Biometrics 1994; 50: 1064–1072. · DOI · Paper page
  17. Wood SN . Thin plate regression splines. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol 2003; 65: 95–114. · DOI · Paper page
  18. Korn EL, Graubard BI, Midthune D . Time-to-event analysis of longitudinal follow-up of a survey: choice of the time-scale. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 72–80. · DOI · Paper page
  19. Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E . Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: confirmation of high prevalence. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1133–1141. · DOI · Paper page
  20. Carlsson LH, Norrelgen F, Kjellmer L, Westerlund J, Gillberg C, Fernell E . Coexisting disorders and problems in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. Sci World J 2013; 2013: 213979. · DOI
  21. Idring S, Magnusson C, Lundberg M, Ek M, Rai D, Svensson AC et al. Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43: 107–115. · DOI · Paper page
  22. Sandin S, Nygren K-G, Iliadou A, Hultman CM, Reichenberg A . Autism and mental retardation among offspring born after in vitro fertilization. JAMA 2013; 310: 75–84. · DOI · Paper page
  23. Reichenberg A, Gross R, Weiser M, Bresnahan M, Silverman J, Harlap S et al. Advancing paternal age and autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1026–1032. · DOI · Paper page
  24. Flatscher-Bader T, Foldi CJ, Chong S, Whitelaw E, Moser RJ, Burne THJ et al. Increased de novo copy number variants in the offspring of older males. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1: e34. · DOI
  25. Martin RH . Meiotic errors in human oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 16: 523–531. · DOI
  26. Ginsburg C, Fokstuen S, Schinzel A . The contribution of uniparental disomy to congenital development defects in children born to mothers at advanced childbearing age. Am J Med Genet 2000; 95: 454–460. · DOI
  27. Kaytor MD, Burright EN, Duvick LA, Zoghbi HY, Orr HT . Increased trinucleotide repeat instability with advanced maternal age. Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6: 2135–2139. · DOI
  28. Mascie-Taylor CG, Boldsen JL . Assortative mating, differential fertility and abnormal pregnancy outcome. Ann Hum Biol 1988; 15: 223–228. · doi:10.1080/03014468800009661
  29. Fieder M, Huber S . Parental age difference and offspring count in humans. Biol Lett 2007; 3: 689–691. · DOI
  30. Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A . Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007; 161: 326–333. · DOI · Paper page
  31. Abel EL, Kruger M, Burd L . Effects of maternal and paternal age on Caucasian and native American preterm births and birth weights. Am J Perinatol 2002; 19: 49–54. · doi:10.1055/s-2002-20173
  32. Frans EM, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, Långström N, Lichtenstein P, McGrath JJ et al. Autism risk across generations: a population-based study of advancing grandpaternal and paternal age. JAMA Psychiatry Chic Ill 2013; 70: 516–521. · DOI · Paper page
  33. Sasanfar R, Haddad SA, Tolouei A, Ghadami M, Yu D, Santangelo SL . Paternal age increases the risk for autism in an Iranian population sample. Mol Autism 2010; 1: 2. · DOI
  34. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2008 Principal Investigators Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders–Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Surveill Summ 2012; 61: 1–19.
  35. Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh Y-J, Fombonne E, Laska E, Lim E-C et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 904–912. · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 285

Metadata

Authors
Sandin, S., Schendel, D., Magnusson, P., Hultman, C., Surén, P., Susser, E., Grønborg, T., Gissler, M., Gunnes, N., Gross, R., Henning, M., Bresnahan, M., Sourander, A., Hornig, M., Carter, K., Francis, R., Parner, E., Leonard, H., Rosanoff, M., Stoltenberg, C., & Reichenberg, A.
Venue
Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-06-09
Volume
21
Issue
5
Pages
693-700
ISSN
  • 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5578
DOI
10.1038/mp.2015.70
OpenAlex
W1713509593
Cited by
285
References
12
FWCI
12.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.