CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 701Schizophrenia research and treatmentAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

Widespread white matter microstructural differences in schizophrenia across 4322 individuals: results from the ENIGMA schizophrenia DTI working group

Open access
Kelly, S, Jahanshad, N, Zalesky, A, Kochunov, P, Agartz, I, Alloza, C, Andreassen, O A, Arango, C +150 more·2018·Molecular Psychiatry
DOI 10.1038/mp.2017.170PMC PMC5984078
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The regional distribution of white matter (WM) abnormalities in schizophrenia remains poorly understood, and reported disease effects on the brain vary widely between studies. In an effort to identify commonalities across studies, we perform what we believe is the first ever large-scale coordinated study of WM microstructural differences in schizophrenia. Our analysis consisted of 2359 healthy controls and 1963 schizophrenia patients from 29 independent international studies; we harmonized the processing and statistical analyses of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data across sites and meta-analyzed effects across studies. Significant reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) in schizophrenia patients were widespread, and detected in 20 of 25 regions of interest within a WM skeleton representing all major WM fasciculi. Effect sizes varied by region, peaking at (d=0.42) for the entire WM skeleton, driven more by peripheral areas as opposed to the core WM where regions of interest were defined. The anterior corona radiata (d=0.40) and corpus callosum (d=0.39), specifically its body (d=0.39) and genu (d=0.37), showed greatest effects. Significant decreases, to lesser degrees, were observed in almost all regions analyzed. Larger effect sizes were observed for FA than diffusivity measures; significantly higher mean and radial diffusivity was observed for schizophrenia patients compared with controls. No significant effects of age at onset of schizophrenia or medication dosage were detected. As the largest coordinated analysis of WM differences in a psychiatric disorder to date, the present study provides a robust profile of widespread WM abnormalities in schizophrenia patients worldwide. Interactive three-dimensional visualization of the results is available at www.enigma-viewer.org.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/mp.2017.170

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Effect size was not correlated with ROI size, consistent with prior studies of other disorders.

    “Effect size was not correlated with ROI size (Supplementary Figure S13), consistent with prior studies of other disorders (Kelly et al., 2018).”

    From Diffusion MRI Indices and Their Relation to Cognitive Impairment in Brain Aging: The Updated Multi-protocol Approach in ADNI3 (2019) · cites this paper as Kelly et al., 2018

  • The ENIGMA Schizophrenia DTI Working Group identified widespread, although modest, microstructural differences involving association, commissural, and projection pathways in 4,322 individuals.

    “Schizophrenia remains the best-established example: the ENIGMA Schizophrenia DTI Working Group identified widespread, although modest, microstructural differences involving association, commissural, and projection pathways in 4,322 individuals (Kelly et al., 2018).”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Kelly et al., 2018

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 49

  1. Friston KJ. Dysfunctional connectivity in schizophrenia. World Psychiatry 2002; 1: 66–71. 16946855 PMC1489874
  2. Kanaan RAA, Kim J-SS, Kaufmann WE, Pearlson GD, Barker GJ, McGuire PK. Diffusion tensor imaging in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 921–929. 16043134
  3. Konrad A, Winterer G. Disturbed structural connectivity in schizophrenia primary factor in pathology or epiphenomenon? Schizophr Bull 2008; 34: 72–92. 17485733 PMC2632386
  4. Ellison-Wright I, Bullmore E. Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 108: 3–10. 19128945
  5. Hakak Y, Walker JR, Li C, Wong WH, Davis KL, Buxbaum JD et al. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 4746–4751. 11296301 PMC31905
  6. Bohlken MM, Brouwer RM, Mandl RCC, Kahn RSS, Hulshoff Pol HE. Genetic variation in schizophrenia liability is shared with intellectual ability and brain structure. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42: 1167–1175. 27056715 PMC4988741
  7. Kubicki M, Shenton ME. Diffusion tensor imaging findings and their implications in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2014; 27: 179–184. 24613986
  8. Samartzis L, Dima D, Fusar-Poli P, Kyriakopoulos M. White matter alterations in early stages of schizophrenia: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies. J Neuroimaging 2014; 24: 101–110. 23317110
  9. Wheeler AL, Voineskos AN. A review of structural neuroimaging in schizophrenia: from connectivity to connectomics. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8: 653. 25202257 PMC4142355
  10. Kubicki M, McCarley R, Westin C-F, Park H-J, Maier S, Kikinis R et al. A review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2005; 41: 15–30. 16023676 PMC2768134
  11. Zalesky A, Fornito A, Seal M, Cocchi L, Westin C-F, Bullmore E et al. Disrupted axonal fiber connectivity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69: 80–89. 21035793 PMC4881385
  12. Hubl D, Koenig T, Strik W, Federspiel A, Kreis R, Boesch C et al. Pathways that make voices: white matter changes in auditory hallucinations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 658–668. 15237078
  13. Klauser P, Baker S, Cropley V, Bousman C, Fornito A, Cocchi L et al. White matter disruptions in schizophrenia are spatially widespread and topologically converge on brain network hubs. Schizophr Bull 2016; 43: 425–435. PMC5605265 27535082
  14. Melicher T, Horacek J, Hlinka J, Spaniel F, Tintera J, Ibrahim I et al. White matter changes in first episode psychosis and their relation to the size of sample studied: a DTI study. Schizophr Res 2015; 162: 22–28. 25660467
  15. Kochunov P, Jahanshad N, Sprooten E, Nichols T, Mandl R, Almasy L et al. Multi-site study of additive genetic effects on fractional anisotropy of cerebral white matter: comparing meta and megaanalytical approaches for data pooling. Neuroimage 2014; 95: 136–150. 24657781 PMC4043878
  16. van Erp TG, Hibar DP, Rasmussen JM, Glahn DC, Pearlson GD, Andreassen OA et al. Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 21: 585–585. 26283641 PMC5751698
  17. Kochunov P, Williamson DE, Lancaster J, Fox P, Cornell J, Blangero J et al. Fractional anisotropy of water diffusion in cerebral white matter across the lifespan. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33: 9–20. 20122755 PMC2906767
  18. Hibar DP, Westlye LT, van Erp TG, Rasmussen J, Leonardo CD, Faskowitz J et al. Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21: 1710–1716. 26857596 PMC5116479
  19. Schmaal L, Hibar DP, Sämann PG, Hall GB, Baune BT, Jahanshad N et al. Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 22: 900–909. 27137745 PMC5444023
  20. Cohen J. CHAPTER 1. The concepts of power analysis. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, 1977.
  21. Van den Heuvel M, Sporns O, Collin G, Scheewe T, Mandl R, Cahn W et al. Abnormal rich club organization and functional brain dynamics in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70: 783–792. 23739835
  22. Aydin K, Ucok A, Guler J. Altered metabolic integrity of corpus callosum among individuals at ultra high risk of schizophrenia and first-episode patients. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 750–757. 18486106
  23. Rotarska-Jagiela A, Schönmeyer R, Oertel V, Haenschel C, Vogeley K, Linden D. The corpus callosum in schizophrenia-volume and connectivity changes affect specific regions. Neuroimage 2008; 39: 1522–1532. 18096406
  24. Walterfang M, Wood A, Reutens D, Wood S, Chen J, Velakoulis D et al. Corpus callosum size and shape in first-episode affective and schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2009; 173: 77–82. 19447585
  25. Bora E, Fornito A, Radua J, Walterfang M, Seal M, Wood S et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia: a multimodal voxelwise meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Schizophr Res 2011; 127: 46–57. 21300524
  26. Levitt J, Alvarado J, Nestor P, Rosow L, Pelavin P, McCarley R et al. Fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity: diffusion measures of white matter abnormalities in the anterior limb of the internal capsule in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 136: 55–62. 22019073
  27. Rosenberger G, Nestor P, Oh J, Levitt J, Kindleman G, Bouix S et al. Anterior limb of the internal capsule in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor tractography study. Brain Imaging Behav 2012; 6: 417–425. 22415192 PMC4128025
  28. Ćurčić-Blake B, Nanetti L, van der Meer L, Cerliani L, Renken R, Pijnenborg G et al. Not on speaking terms: hallucinations and structural network disconnectivity in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220: 407–418. 24185461
  29. Nestor P, Kubicki M, Kuroki N, Gurrera R, Niznikiewicz M, Shenton M et al. Episodic memory and neuroimaging of hippocampus and fornix in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007; 155: 21–28. 17395435
  30. Prakash KN, Nowinski W. Morphologic relationship among the corpus callosum, fornix, anterior commissure, and posterior commissure MRI-based variability study. Acad Radiol 2006; 13: 24–35. 16399030
  31. Pai D, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Hua J. Evaluation of fiber bundles across subjects through brain mapping and registration of diffusion tensor data. Neuroimage 2011; 54: S165–S175. 20547227
  32. Alba-Ferrara LM, de Erausquin GA. What does anisotropy measure? Insights from increased and decreased anisotropy in selective fiber tracts in schizophrenia. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7: 9. 23483798 PMC3593197
  33. Highley R, Esiri M, McDonald B, Cortina-Borja M, Herron B, Crow T. The size and fibre composition of the corpus callosum with respect to gender and schizophrenia: a post-mortem study. Brain 1999; 122: 99–110. 10050898
  34. Highley JR, Esiri M, McDonald B, Roberts H, Walker M, Crow T. The size and fiber composition of the anterior commissure with respect to gender and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1120–1127. 10331103
  35. Rametti G, Junqué C, Falcón C, Bargalló N, Catalán R, Penadés R et al. A voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging study of temporal white matter in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2009; 171: 166–176. 19217757
  36. Chiapponi C, Piras F, Fagioli S, Piras F, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G. Age-related brain trajectories in schizophrenia: a systematic review of structural MRI studies. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214: 83–93. 23972726
  37. Kochunov P, Ganjgahi H, Winkler A, Kelly S, Shukla D, Du X et al. Heterochronicity of white matter development and aging explains regional patient control differences in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37: 4673–4688. 27477775 PMC5118078
  38. Whitford T, Kubicki M, Schneiderman J, O’Donnell L, King R, Alvarado J et al. Corpus callosum abnormalities and their association with psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68: 70–77. 20494336 PMC2900500
  39. Knöchel C, O’Dwyer L, Alves G, Reinke B, Magerkurth J, Rotarska-Jagiela A et al. Association between white matter fiber integrity and subclinical psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patients and unaffected relatives. Schizophr Res 2012; 140: 129–135. 22817874
  40. Kyriakopoulos M, Samartzis L, Dima D, Hayes D, Corrigall R, Barker G et al. P03-111 - Does antipsychotic medication affect white matter in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? A review of diffusion tensor imaging literature. Eur Psychiatry 2011; 26: 1280.
  41. Cassoli JS, Guest PC, Malchow B, Schmitt A, Falkai P, Martins-de-Souza D. Disturbed macro-connectivity in schizophrenia linked to oligodendrocyte dysfunction: from structural findings to molecules. NPJ Schizophr 2015; 1: 15034. 27336040 PMC4849457
  42. Cropley VL, Klauser P, Lenroot RK, Bruggemann J, Sundram S, Bousman C et al. Accelerated gray and white matter deterioration with age in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2016; 174: 286–295. 27919183
  43. Pasternak O, Westin CF, Bouix S, Seidman L, Goldstein JM, Woo TU et al. Excessive extracellular volume reveals a neurodegenerative pattern in schizophrenia onset. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 17365–17372. 23197727 PMC3549332
  44. Pasternak O, Westin CF, Dahlben B, Bouix S, Kubicki M. The extent of diffusion MRI markers of neuroinflammation and white matter deterioration in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 161: 113–118. 25126717 PMC4277709
  45. Acheson A, Wijtenburg SA, Rowland RM, Winkler A, Mathias CW, Hong LE et al. Redroducibility of tract-based white matter microstructural measures using the ENIGMA-DTI protocol. Brain Behav 2017; 7: e00615. 28239525 PMC5318368
  46. Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Rueckert D, Nichols TE, Mackay CE et al. Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. Neuroimage 2006; 31: 1487–1505. 16624579
  47. Zalesky A. Moderating registration misalignment in voxelwise comparisons of DTI data: a performance evaluation of skeleton projection. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29: 111–125. 20933352
  48. Schwarz CG, Reid RI, Gunter JL, Senjem ML, Przybelski SA, Zuk SM et al. Improved DTI registration allows voxel-based analysis that outperforms tract-based spatial statistics. Neuroimage 2014; 94: 65–78. 24650605 PMC4137565
  49. Bach M, Laun FB, Leemans A, Tax CMW, Biessels GJ, Stieltjes B et al. Methodological considerations on tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Neuroimage 2014; 100: 358–369. 24945661

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kelly, S., Jahanshad, N., Zalesky, A., Kochunov, P., Agartz, I., Alloza, C., Andreassen, O. A., Arango, C., Banaj, N., Bouix, S., Bousman, C. A., Brouwer, R. M., Bruggemann, J., Bustillo, J., Cahn, W., Calhoun, V, Cannon, D., Carr, V, Catts, S., Chen, J., Chen, J.-X., Chen, X., Chiapponi, C., Cho, K. K., Ciullo, V, Corvin, A. S., Crespo-Facorro, B., Cropley, V, De Rossi, P., Diaz-Caneja, C. M., Dickie, E. W., Ehrlich, S., Fan, F.-M., Faskowitz, J., Fatouros-Bergman, H., Flyckt, L., Ford, J. M., Fouche, J.-P., Fukunaga, M., Gill, M., Glahn, D. C., Gollub, R., Goudzwaard, E. D., Guo, H., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Gurholt, T. P., Hashimoto, R., Hatton, S. N., Henskens, F. A., Hibar, D. P., Hickie, I. B., Hong, L. E., Horacek, J., Howells, F. M., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Hyde, C. L., Isaev, D., Jablensky, A., Jansen, P. R., Janssen, J., Jönsson, E. G., Jung, L. A., Kahn, R. S., Kikinis, Z., Liu, K., Klauser, P., Knöchel, C., Kubicki, M., Lagopoulos, J., Langen, C., Lawrie, S., Lenroot, R. K., Lim, K. O., Lopez-Jaramillo, C., Lyall, A., Magnotta, V, Mandl, R. C. W., Mathalon, D. H., McCarley, R. W., McCarthy-Jones, S., McDonald, C., McEwen, S., McIntosh, A., Melicher, T., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Michie, P. T., Mowry, B., Mueller, B. A., Newell, D. T., O'Donnell, P., Oertel-Knöchel, V, Oestreich, L., Paciga, S. A., Pantelis, C., Pasternak, O., Pearlson, G., Pellicano, G. R., Pereira, A., Pineda Zapata, J., Piras, F., Potkin, S. G., Preda, A., Rasser, P. E., Roalf, D. R., Roiz, R., Roos, A., Rotenberg, D., Satterthwaite, T. D., Savadjiev, P., Schall, U., Scott, R. J., Seal, M. L., Seidman, L. J., Shannon Weickert, C., Whelan, C. D., Shenton, M. E., Kwon, J. S., Spalletta, G., Spaniel, F., Sprooten, E., Stäblein, M., Stein, D. J., Sundram, S., Tan, Y., Tan, S., Tang, S., Temmingh, H. S., Westlye, L. T., Tønnesen, S., Tordesillas-Gutierrez, D., Doan, N. T., Vaidya, J., van Haren, N. E. M., Vargas, C. D., Vecchio, D., Velakoulis, D., Voineskos, A., Voyvodic, J. Q., Wang, Z., Wan, P., Wei, D., Weickert, T. W., Whalley, H., White, T., Whitford, T. J., Wojcik, J. D., Xiang, H., Xie, Z., Yamamori, H., Yang, F., Yao, N., Zhang, G., Zhao, J., van Erp, T. G. M., Turner, J., Thompson, P. M., & Donohoe, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
  • Oslo University Hospital (NO)
  • University of Edinburgh (GB)
  • University of Oslo (NO)
  • Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
  • Fondazione Santa Lucia (IT)
  • University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • University of New Mexico (US)
  • Mind Research Network (US)
  • Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
  • Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital (CN)
  • Pfizer (United States) (US)
  • Seoul National University (KR)
  • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
  • University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
  • National Institute for Physiological Sciences (JP)
  • Trinity College Dublin (IE)
  • Hartford Hospital (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • University of California, Irvine (US)
  • Zhumadian Central Hospital (CN)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development (JP)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • University of Cape Town (ZA)
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
  • Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • University of Iowa (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Charles University (CZ)
  • Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
  • Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
  • Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (AU)
  • Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital (CN)
  • Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
  • The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
  • The University of Osaka (JP)
  • Yale University (US)
  • Georgia State University (US)
Corresponding author
Kelly, S
ORCID
Venue
Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-10-17
Volume
23
Issue
5
Pages
1261-1269
ISSN
  • 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5578
DOI
10.1038/mp.2017.170
PMC
PMC5984078
OpenAlex
W2767050687
Cited by
701
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 70 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 4
FWCI
50.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • UCrea (University of Cantabria) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Espace ÉTS (ETS) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
  • NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1117079)
  • Wellcome Trust (104036/Z/14/Z)
  • Hunter Medical Research Institute
  • Office of Health and Medical Research (1117079)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
  • Ministero della Salute
  • Norges Forskningsråd
  • NSW Ministry of Health (1117079)
  • National Institutes of Health (5u24rr025736-02)
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (1117079)
  • Helse Sør-Øst RHF
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH112180, P50MH080272, R21MH106793, U01MH108148)
  • National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U54EB020403, R01EB015611, P41EB015922)
  • National Center for Research Resources (U24RR021992, U24-RR025736)
  • H2020 European Research Council (677467)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords
schizophrenia, white matter microstructure, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, corpus callosum, corona radiata, diffusion tensor imaging
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Corpus Callosum, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Cohort Studies, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Young Adult, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, White Matter

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review