Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link?

Gogos, Andrea; Ney, Luke J.; Seymour, Natasha; Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E.; Felmingham, Kim L.

doi:10.1111/bph.14584

Cited by 189Schizophrenia research and treatmentSex and Gender in HealthcareSexual Differentiation and Disorders

Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link?

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Gogos, Andrea, Ney, Luke J., Seymour, Natasha, Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E., Felmingham, Kim L.·2019·British Journal of Pharmacology

DOI 10.1111/bph.14584PMC PMC6877792

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Abstract

In this review, we describe the sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptom profiles, and disease outcome that are evident in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Women with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less disease impairment than men. By contrast, women with post-traumatic stress disorder are more affected than men. The most likely candidates to explain these sex differences are gonadal hormones. This review details the clinical evidence that oestradiol and progesterone are dysregulated in these psychiatric disorders. Notably, existing data on oestradiol, and to a lesser extent, progesterone, suggest that low levels of these hormones may increase the risk of disease development and worsen symptom severity. We argue that future studies require a more inclusive, considered analysis of gonadal steroid hormones and the intricacies of the interactions between them, with methodological rigour applied, to enhance our understanding of the roles of steroid hormones in psychiatric disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.

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The menopausal transition
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Hammond R, Mauk R, Ninaci D, Nelson D, Gibbs RB (2009). Chronic treatment with estrogen receptor agonists restores acquisition of a spatial learning task in young ovariectomized rats. Hormones and behavior 56(3): 309-314.

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“Gonadal hormones also contribute to our understanding of ASD (98) and PTSD (99).”
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Authors: Gogos, A., Ney, L. J., Seymour, N., Van Rheenen, T. E., & Felmingham, K. L.
Affiliations: Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (AU)
University of Tasmania (AU)
The University of Melbourne (AU)
Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
Corresponding author: Gogos, Andrea
ORCID: Gogos, Andrea
Ney, Luke J.
Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E.
Felmingham, Kim L.
Venue: British Journal of Pharmacology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2019-03-14
Volume: 176
Issue: 21
Pages: 4119-4135
ISSN: 0007-1188 (ISSN-L)
1476-5381
DOI: 10.1111/bph.14584
PMC: PMC6877792
OpenAlex: W2910529740
Cited by: 189
References: 194
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13
FWCI: 3.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: British Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UTAS Research Repository (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (AG CDF ID1108098, TVR ECF ID1088785, KLF APP1073041)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Keywords: sex differences, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, gonadal hormones, estradiol, progesterone, sex hormones, disease outcome, symptom severity, mental illness
MeSH terms: Animals, Bipolar Disorder, Humans, Schizophrenia, Sex Characteristics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Gonadal Hormones

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Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link?

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