Cited by 123Echinoderm biology and ecologyDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationMarine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology

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Larval stages of a living sea lily (stalked crinoid echinoderm)

Nakano, Hiroaki, Hibino, Taku, Oji, Tatsuo, Hara, Yuko, Amemiya, Shonan·2003·Nature

DOI 10.1038/nature01236

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Abstract

The embryos and larvae of stalked crinoids, which are considered the most basal group of extant echinoderms, have not previously been described. In contrast, much is known about the development of the more accessible stalkless crinoids (feather stars), which are phylogenetically derived from stalked forms. Here we describe the development of a sea lily from fertilization to larval settlement. There are two successive larval stages: the first is a non-feeding auricularia stage with partly longitudinal ciliary bands (similar to the auricularia and bipinnaria larvae of holothurian and asteroid echinoderms, respectively); the second is a doliolaria larva with circumferential ciliary bands (similar to the earliest larval stage of stalkless crinoids). We suggest that a dipleurula-type larva is primitive for echinoderms and is the starting point for the evolution of additional larval forms within the phylum. From a wider evolutionary viewpoint, the demonstration that the most basal kind of echinoderm larva is a dipleurula is consistent with Garstang's auricularia theory for the phylogenetic origin of the chordate neural tube.

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Authors: Nakano, H., Hibino, T., Oji, T., Hara, Y., & Amemiya, S.
Affiliations: The University of Tokyo (JP)
Corresponding author: Amemiya, Shonan
ORCID: Nakano, Hiroaki
Hibino, Taku
Oji, Tatsuo
Hara, Yuko
Amemiya, Shonan
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 421
Issue: 6919
Pages: 158-160
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature01236
OpenAlex: W2008494541
Cited by: 123
References: 8
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 12.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Echinoderm biology and ecology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Keywords: sea lily, stalked crinoids, larval development, Auricularia, ciliary bands, echinoderm phylogeny, larval evolution, embryonic development
MeSH terms: Animals, Echinodermata, Biological Evolution, Female, Fertilization, Larva, Male, Phylogeny

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Larval stages of a living sea lily (stalked crinoid echinoderm)

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