Growth of early continental crust by partial melting of eclogite
Abstract
The tectonic setting in which the first continental crust formed, and the extent to which modern processes of arc magmatism at convergent plate margins were operative on the early Earth, are matters of debate. Geochemical studies have shown that felsic rocks in both Archaean high-grade metamorphic ('grey gneiss') and low-grade granite-greenstone terranes are comprised dominantly of sodium-rich granitoids of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suite of rocks. Here we present direct experimental evidence showing that partial melting of hydrous basalt in the eclogite facies produces granitoid liquids with major- and trace-element compositions equivalent to Archaean TTG, including the low Nb/Ta and high Zr/Sm ratios of 'average' Archaean TTG, but from a source with initially subchondritic Nb/Ta. In modern environments, basalts with low Nb/Ta form by partial melting of subduction-modified depleted mantle, notably in intraoceanic arc settings in the forearc and back-arc regimes. These observations suggest that TTG magmatism may have taken place beneath granite-greenstone complexes developing along Archaean intraoceanic island arcs by imbricate thrust-stacking and tectonic accretion of a diversity of subduction-related terranes. Partial melting accompanying dehydration of these generally basaltic source materials at the base of thickened, 'arc-like' crust would produce compositionally appropriate TTG granitoids in equilibrium with eclogite residues.
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Geochemical signatures of TTGs constrain minerals present in the metabasite residuum: high Sr indicates plagioclase-poor assemblages, high La/Yb indicates garnet-rich assemblages, and low Nb/Ta indicates the presence of rutile and amphibole.
“Such geochemical signatures constrain the minerals present in the metabasite residuum from which the TTG melts separated, with high Sr contents indicating plagioclase-poor assemblages, high La/Yb ratios indicating garnet-rich assemblages, and low Nb/Ta ratios indicating the presence of rutile and amphibole”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Rapp et al., 2003
Arguments for steep subduction and slab melting during the Archean have conventionally relied on the requirement of a plagioclase-free eclogite-facies metabasic source rock, with high Mg# and Cr contents in high-pressure TTGs interpreted to represent component exchange during ascent through the ultramafic mantle wedge.
“For example, arguments for steep subduction and slab melting during the Archean have conventionally relied on the requirement of a plagioclase-free eclogite-facies metabasic source rock (e.g.Section 3.4.2),with high Mg# and Cr contents in so-called highpressure TTGs interpreted to represent component exchenge during ascent through the ultramafic mantle wedge (Rapp et al., 2003).”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Rapp et al., 2003
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- Authors
- Rapp, R. P., Shimizu, N., & Norman, M. D.
- Affiliations
- State University of New York (US)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rapp, Robert P.
- ORCID
- Norman, Marc D.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 425
- Issue
- 6958
- Pages
- 605-609
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2092151651
- Cited by
- 774
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 14.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- early continental crust, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite, hydrous basalt, Nb/Ta ratio, arc magmatism, tectonic accretion, crustal thickening, dehydration melting, grey gneiss
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