Cited by 1,536Porphyrin Metabolism and DisordersFolate and B Vitamins ResearchAlgal biology and biofuel production

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Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria

Croft, Martin T., Lawrence, Andrew D., Raux-Deery, Evelyne, Warren, Martin J., Smith, Alison G.·2005·Nature

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Abstract

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) was identified nearly 80 years ago as the anti-pernicious anaemia factor in liver, and its importance in human health and disease has resulted in much work on its uptake, cellular transport and utilization. Plants do not contain cobalamin because they have no cobalamin-dependent enzymes. Deficiencies are therefore common in strict vegetarians, and in the elderly, who are susceptible to an autoimmune disorder that prevents its efficient uptake. In contrast, many algae are rich in vitamin B12, with some species, such as Porphyra yezoensis (Nori), containing as much cobalamin as liver. Despite this, the role of the cofactor in algal metabolism remains unknown, as does the source of the vitamin for these organisms. A survey of 326 algal species revealed that 171 species require exogenous vitamin B12 for growth, implying that more than half of the algal kingdom are cobalamin auxotrophs. Here we show that the role of vitamin B12 in algal metabolism is primarily as a cofactor for vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthase, and that cobalamin auxotrophy has arisen numerous times throughout evolution, probably owing to the loss of the vitamin B12-independent form of the enzyme. The source of cobalamin seems to be bacteria, indicating an important and unsuspected symbiosis.

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Authors: Croft, M. T., Lawrence, A. D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M. J., & Smith, A. G.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
University of Kent (GB)
Corresponding author: Smith, Alison G.
ORCID: Lawrence, Andrew D.
Warren, Martin J.
Smith, Alison G.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-11
Volume: 438
Issue: 7064
Pages: 90-93
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature04056
OpenAlex: W1980733427
Cited by: 1,536
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 106 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 144 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 6.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Queen Mary University of London
Research Councils UK
European Commission
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Porphyrin Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Keywords: vitamin B12, algae, microalgae, symbiosis, symbiotic bacteria, methionine synthase, cobalamin-dependent enzymes, algal metabolism, seaweed, vitamin B12 deficiency
MeSH terms: Bacteria, Symbiosis, 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase, Vitamin B 12, Genome, Coculture Techniques, Halomonas, Genomics, Eukaryota

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Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria

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