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Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way
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The halo of the Milky Way provides unique elemental abundance and kinematic information on the first objects to form in the Universe, and this information can be used to tightly constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution. Although the halo was once considered a single component, evidence for its dichotomy has slowly emerged in recent years from inspection of small samples of halo objects. Here we show that the halo is indeed clearly divisible into two broadly overlapping structural components--an inner and an outer halo--that exhibit different spatial density profiles, stellar orbits and stellar metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium). The inner halo has a modest net prograde rotation, whereas the outer halo exhibits a net retrograde rotation and a peak metallicity one-third that of the inner halo. These properties indicate that the individual halo components probably formed in fundamentally different ways, through successive dissipational (inner) and dissipationless (outer) mergers and tidal disruption of proto-Galactic clumps.
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“There is, however, still some tension with the work of Carollo et al. (2007) because what they called the outer halo peaked at a metallicity of [Fe/H] ∼ -2.2, lower than is typical for Gaia-Enceladus stars.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Carollo et al. 2007
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HIERARCHICAL FORMATION OF THE GALACTIC HALO AND THE ORIGIN OF HYPER METAL-POOR STARS
Komiya, Y., Habe, A., Suda, T., & Fujimoto, M. Y. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/696/1/l79 · Cited by 23
Variable Stars and Galactic StructurePreprint
Feast, M. W., & Whitelock, P. A. (2016) · Cited by 23
Dual Halos and Formation of Early-Type GalaxiesPreprint
Park, H. S., & Lee, M. G. (2016) · Cited by 23
Jang, S., & Lee, Y. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/31 · Cited by 22
Self-citationRED GIANT STARS FROM SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY. I. THE GENERAL FIELD
Chen, Y., Zhao, G., Carrell, K., Zhao, J., Tan, K., Nissen, P. E., & Wei, P. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/795/1/52 · Cited by 22
Chemical abundances in a high-velocity RR Lyrae star near the bulge
Hansen, C. J., Rich, R. M., Koch, A., Xu, S., Kunder, A., & Ludwig, H. ‐. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628279 · Cited by 22
The metal-rich halo tail extended in | z |: a characterization with Gaia DR2 and APOGEE
Fernández-Alvar, E., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Moreno, E., Schuster, W. J., Carigi, L., Recio-Blanco, A., Beers, T. C., Chiappini, C., Anders, F., Santiago, B. X., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1299 · Cited by 23
Self-citationAn, D., & Beers, T. C. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac07a4 · Cited by 22
Self-citationOn the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. V. Optical and Radial Velocity Curve Templates
Braga, V. F., Crestani, J., Fabrizio, M., Bono, G., Sneden, C. A., Preston, G. W., Storm, J., Kamann, S., Latour, M., Lala, H. N., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1074 · Cited by 22
BUILDING THE STELLAR HALO THROUGH FEEDBACK IN DWARF GALAXIES
Maxwell, A. J., Wadsley, J., Couchman, H. M. P., & Mashchenko, S. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/755/2/l35 · Cited by 22
HALO ORBITS IN COSMOLOGICAL DISK GALAXIES: TRACERS OF FORMATION HISTORY
Valluri, M., Debattista, V. P., Stinson, G. S., Bailin, J., Quinn, T. R., Couchman, H. M. P., & Wadsley, J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/767/1/93 · Cited by 21
Galactic googly: the rotation–metallicity bias in the inner stellar halo of the Milky Way
Kafle, P. R., Sharma, S., Robotham, A. S. G., Pradhan, R. K., Guglielmo, M., Davies, L. J. M., & Driver, S. P. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1394 · Cited by 21
A LAMOST BHB Catalog and Kinematics Therein. I. Catalog and Halo Properties
Vickers, J. J., Li, Z., Smith, M. C., & Shen, J. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe4d0 · Cited by 21
Popa, S. A., Hoppe, R., Bergemann, M., Hansen, C. J., Plez, B., & Beers, T. C. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245503 · Cited by 23
Self-citationThe Substructures in the Local Stellar Halo from Gaia and LAMOST
Li, H., Du, C., Liu, S., Donlon, T., & Newberg, H. J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab06f4 · Cited by 21
The Metallicity Gradient and Complex Formation History of the Outermost Halo of the Milky Way
Dietz, S., Yoon, J., Beers, T. C., & Placco, V. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7fa4 · Cited by 25
Self-citationThe stellar metallicity distribution in intermediate-latitude fields with BATC and SDSS data
Peng, X., Du, C., & Wu, Z. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20209.x · Cited by 20
Unearthing foundations of a cosmic cathedral: searching the stars for M33's halo
Cockcroft, R., McConnachie, A. W., Harris, W. E., Ibata, R., Irwin, M., Ferguson, A. M. N., Fardal, M. A., Babul, A., Chapman, S. C., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts112 · Cited by 20
KINEMATICS AND CHEMISTRY OF HALO SUBSTRUCTURES: THE VICINITY OF THE VIRGO OVERDENSITY
Casey, A. R., Keller, S., & Costa, G. S. D. (2012) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/4/88 · Cited by 20
The red haloes of SDSS low surface brightness disc galaxies
Bergvall, N., Zackrisson, E., & Caldwell, B. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16650.x · Cited by 20
Metal-rich SX Phe stars in theKeplerfield
Nemec, J. M., Balona, L. A., Murphy, S. J., Kinemuchi, K., & Jeon, Y. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3072 · Cited by 20
The assembly history of the Galactic inner halo inferred from α-element patterns
Fernández-Alvar, E., Tissera, P. B., Carigi, L., Schuster, W. J., Beers, T. C., & Belokurov, V. A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz443 · Cited by 20
Self-citationPrimordial to extremely metal-poor AGB and Super-AGB stars: White dwarf or supernova progenitors?
Gil-Pons, P., Doherty, C. L., Gutiérrez, J., Siess, L., Campbell, S. W., Lau, H. B., & Lattanzio, J. C. (2018) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2018.42 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Carollo, D., Beers, T. C., Lee, Y. S., Chiba, M., Norris, J. E., Wilhelm, R., Sivarani, T., Marsteller, B., Munn, J. A., Bailer-Jones, C. A. L., Fiorentin, P. R., & York, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT)
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (US)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- United States Naval Observatory (US)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carollo, Daniela
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-12-13
- Volume
- 450
- Issue
- 7172
- Pages
- 1020-1025
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2088048947
- Cited by
- 626
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 30.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2008-01-10)
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic halo, inner halo, outer halo, stellar metallicity, stellar rotation, stellar orbits, dissipationless mergers, tidal disruption, galaxy formation, stellar populations
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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