The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
The halo of the Milky Way provides unique elemental abundance and kinematic information on the first objects to form in the Universe, and this information can be used to tightly constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution. Although the halo was once considered a single component, evidence for its dichotomy has slowly emerged in recent years from inspection of small samples of halo objects. Here we show that the halo is indeed clearly divisible into two broadly overlapping structural components--an inner and an outer halo--that exhibit different spatial density profiles, stellar orbits and stellar metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium). The inner halo has a modest net prograde rotation, whereas the outer halo exhibits a net retrograde rotation and a peak metallicity one-third that of the inner halo. These properties indicate that the individual halo components probably formed in fundamentally different ways, through successive dissipational (inner) and dissipationless (outer) mergers and tidal disruption of proto-Galactic clumps.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is, however, still some tension with the work of Carollo et al. (2007) because what they called the outer halo peaked at a metallicity of [Fe/H] ∼ -2.2, lower than is typical for Gaia-Enceladus stars.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Carollo et al. 2007
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., & Davis, M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305772 · Cited by 15,126
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
York, D., Adelman, J., Anderson, J., Anderson, S., Annis, J., Bahcall, N., Bakken, J., Barkhouser, R., Bastian, S., Berman, E., et al. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301513 · Cited by 8,368
Self-citationCore condensation in heavy halos: a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering
White, S. D. M., & Rees, M. J. (1978) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/183.3.341 · Cited by 3,919
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Photometric System
Fukugita, M., Ichikawa, T., Gunn, J. E., Doi, M., Shimasaku, K., & Schneider, D. P. (1996) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/117915 · Cited by 3,033
Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Early Data Release
Stoughton, C., Lupton, R. H., Bernardi, M., Blanton, M. R., Burles, S. M., Castander, F. J., Connolly, A. J., Eisenstein, D. J., Frieman, J. A., Hennessy, G. S., et al. (2002) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/324741 · Cited by 2,389
Self-citationThe 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Gunn, J. E., Siegmund, W. A., Mannery, E. J., Owen, R. E., Hull, C. L., Leger, R. F., Carey, L. N., Knapp, G. R., York, D. G., Boroski, W. N., et al. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/500975 · Cited by 2,373
Self-citationThe Sloan Digital Sky Survey Photometric Camera
Gunn, J. E., Carr, M., Rockosi, C., Sekiguchi, M., Berry, K., Elms, B., de Haas, E., Ivezić, Ž., Knapp, G., Lupton, R., et al. (1998) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300645 · Cited by 1,692
Self-citationEvidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed.
Eggen, O. J., Donald Lynden-bell, A., & Sandage, A. (1962) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/147433 · Cited by 1,665
Compositions of halo clusters and the formation of the galactic halo
Searle, L., & Zinn, R. (1978) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/156499 · Cited by 1,524
The Field of Streams: Sagittarius and Its Siblings
Belokurov, V. A., Zucker, D. B., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G. F., Vidrih, S., Bramich, D. M., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. Ġ., Irwin, M. J., Fellhauer, M., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/504797 · Cited by 910
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S. F., Andrew, J., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c · Cited by 4,357
“The metallicity distribution of stars can be studied photometrically in the Sgr tidal stream (e.g., see Majewski et al. 2003, Chou et al. 2007) and other halo substructures (∼ 30 kpc, Carollo et al. 2007), yielding new insights into how they formed.”
BackgroundThe Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties
Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Gerhard, O. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023441 · Cited by 1,656
The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk
Helmi, A., Babusiaux, C., Koppelman, H. H., Massari, D., Veljanoski, J., & Brown, A. G. A. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0625-x · Cited by 1,235
SEGUE: A SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF 240,000 STARS WITH g = 14-20
Yanny, B., Rockosi, C., Newberg, H. J., Knapp, G. R., Adelman-McCarthy, J. K., Alcorn, B., Allam, S., Prieto, C. A., An, D., Anderson, K. S. J., et al. (2009) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4377 · Cited by 1,162
Self-citationBabusiaux, C., van Leeuwen, F., Barstow, M. A., Jordi, C., Vallenari, A., Bossini, D., Bressan, A., Cantat-Gaudin, T., van Leeuwen, M., Brown, A. G. A., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832843 · Cited by 873
Self-citationThe GALAH survey: scientific motivation
Silva, G. M. D., Freeman, K. C., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Martell, S. L., Boer, E. W.-D., Asplund, M., Keller, S., Sharma, S., Zucker, D. B., Zwitter, T., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv327 · Cited by 860
Self-citationMultiple populations in globular clusters
Gratton, R., Carretta, E., & Bragaglia, A. (2012) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-012-0050-3 · Cited by 765
Xue, X.-X., Rix, H., Zhao, G., Fiorentin, P. R., Naab, T., Steinmetz, M., van den Bosch, F. C., Beers, T. C., Lee, Y. S., Bell, E. F., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/589500 · Cited by 716
Self-citationDe re metallica: the cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies
Maiolino, R., & Mannucci, F. (2019) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0112-2 · Cited by 776
Galactic stellar haloes in the CDM model
Cooper, A. P., Cole, S., Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M., Helly, J., Benson, A. J., De Lucia, G., Helmi, A., Jenkins, A., Navarro, J. F., et al. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16740.x · Cited by 594
Two distinct halo populations in the solar neighborhood
Nissen, P. E., & Schuster, W. J. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913877 · Cited by 580
The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS. II. Stellar Metallicity
Ivezić, Ž., Sesar, B., Jurić, M., Bond, N., Dalcanton, J., Rockosi, C. M., Yanny, B., Newberg, H. J., Beers, T. C., Allende Prieto, C., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/589678 · Cited by 566
Self-citationNear-Field Cosmology with Extremely Metal-Poor Stars
Frebel, A., & Norris, J. E. (2015) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122423 · Cited by 549
Self-citationEvidence for two early accretion events that built the Milky Way stellar halo
Myeong, G. C., Vasiliev, E., Iorio, G., Evans, N. W., & Belokurov, V (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1770 · Cited by 505
Properties of stellar generations in globular clusters and relations with global parameters
Carretta, E., Bragaglia, A., Gratton, R., Recio-Blanco, A., Lucatello, S., D’Orazi, V., & Cassisi, S. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913451 · Cited by 496
Carollo, D., Beers, T. C., Chiba, M., Norris, J. E., Freeman, K. C., Lee, Y. S., Ivezić, Ž., Rockosi, C. M., & Yanny, B. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/712/1/692 · Cited by 479
Self-citationSuda, T., Katsuta, Y., Yamada, S., Suwa, T., Ishizuka, C., Komiya, Y., Sorai, K., Aikawa, M., & Fujimoto, M. Y. (2008) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/60.5.1159 · Cited by 459
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917 · Cited by 407
Koposov, S. E., Rix, H.-W., & Hogg, D. W. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/712/1/260 · Cited by 403
Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Johnson, B. D., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Caldwell, N., Zaritsky, D., & Cargile, P. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4 · Cited by 449
Gaia Data Release 2. Observational Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams
Babusiaux, C., van Leeuwen, F., Barstow, M. A., Jordi, C., Vallenari, A., Bossini, D., Bressan, A., Cantat-Gaudin, T., van Leeuwen, M., Brown, A. G. A., et al. (2018) · UCrea (University of Cantabria) · doi:10.48350/158408 · Cited by 388
Self-citationHaywood, M., Di Matteo, P., Lehnert, M. D., Snaith, O., Khoperskov, S., & Gómez, A. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad235 · Cited by 360
THE LUMINOSITY AND MASS FUNCTIONS OF LOW-MASS STARS IN THE GALACTIC DISK. II. THE FIELD
Bochanski, J. J., Hawley, S. L., Covey, K. R., West, A. A., Reid, I. N., Golimowski, D. A., & Ivezić, Ž. (2010) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2679 · Cited by 356
THE DUAL ORIGIN OF STELLAR HALOS
Zolotov, A., Willman, B., Brooks, A. M., Governato, F., Brook, C. B., Hogg, D. W., Quinn, T., & Stinson, G. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/702/2/1058 · Cited by 342
METALLICITY EVOLUTION OF DAMPED Lyα SYSTEMS OUT TOz∼ 5
Rafelski, M. A., Wolfe, A. M., Prochaska, J. X., Neeleman, M., & Mendez, A. J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/2/89 · Cited by 342
François, P., Depagne, É., Hill, V., Spite, M., Spite, F., Plez, B., Beers, T. C., Andersen, J., James, G., Barbuy, B., et al. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077706 · Cited by 331
Self-citationAccreted versus in situ Milky Way globular clusters
Forbes, D. A., & Bridges, T. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16373.x · Cited by 310
Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Metallicity
Jofré, P., Heiter, U., Soubiran, C., Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Worley, C. C., Pancino, E., Cantat-Gaudin, T., Magrini, L., Bergemann, M., Hernández, J. I. G., et al. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322440 · Cited by 300
THE SEGUE STELLAR PARAMETER PIPELINE. II. VALIDATION WITH GALACTIC GLOBULAR AND OPEN CLUSTERS
Lee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., Sivarani, T., Johnson, J. A., An, D., Wilhelm, R., Prieto, C. A., Koesterke, L., Fiorentin, P. R., Bailer‐Jones, C. A. L., et al. (2008) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/2050 · Cited by 298
Self-citationBelokurov, V. A., Sanders, J. L., Fattahi, A., Smith, M. C., Deason, A. J., Evans, N. W., & Grand, R. J. J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa876 · Cited by 296
The Milky Way stellar halo out to 40 kpc: squashed, broken but smooth
Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V. A., & Evans, N. W. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19237.x · Cited by 290
Mackereth, J. T., Schiavon, R. P., Pfeffer, J., Hayes, C. R., Bovy, J., Anguiano, B., Prieto, C. A., Hasselquist, S., Holtzman, J., Johnson, J. A., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2955 · Cited by 285
Thin, thick and dark discs in ΛCDM
Read, J. I., Lake, G., Agertz, O., & Debattista, V. P. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13643.x · Cited by 281
Cosmological simulations of the formation of the stellar haloes around disc galaxies
Font, A. S., McCarthy, I. G., Crain, R. A., Theuns, T., Schaye, J., Wiersma, R. P. C., & Vecchia, C. D. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19227.x · Cited by 279
Stellar Streams Discovered in the Dark Energy Survey
Shipp, N., Drlica-Wagner, A., Balbinot, E., Ferguson, P., Erkal, D., Li, T. S., Bechtol, K., Belokurov, V., Buncher, B., Carollo, D., et al. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacdab · Cited by 205
Self-citationSubstructure revealed by RR Lyraes in SDSS Stripe 82
Watkins, L. L., Evans, N. W., Belokurov, V., Smith, M. C., Hewett, P. C., Bramich, D. M., Gilmore, G. F., Irwin, M. J., Vidrih, S., Wyrzykowski, Ł., et al. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15242.x · Cited by 273
Lugaro, M., Karakas, A. I., Stancliffe, R. J., & Rijs, C. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/747/1/2 · Cited by 271
Ibata, R., Lewis, G. F., McConnachie, A. W., Martin, N. F., Irwin, M. J., Ferguson, A. M. N., Babul, A., Bernard, E. J., Chapman, S. C., Collins, M., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/780/2/128 · Cited by 269
The stellar halo of the Galaxy
Helmi, A. (2008) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-008-0009-6 · Cited by 275
OXYGEN ABUNDANCES IN NEARBY FGK STARS AND THE GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE LOCAL DISK AND HALO
Ramírez, I., Prieto, C. A., & Lambert, D. L. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/1/78 · Cited by 248
Multiple retrograde substructures in the Galactic halo: A shattered view of Galactic history
Koppelman, H. H., Helmi, A., Massari, D., Price-Whelan, A. M., & Starkenburg, T. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936738 · Cited by 248
Suda, T., Katsuta, Y., Yamada, S., Suwa, T., Ishizuka, C., Komiya, Y., Sorai, K., Aikawa, M., & Fujimoto, M. Y. (2008) · Cited by 247
Sara Bisterzo, A., Roberto Gallino, A., Oscar Straniero, D., Cristallo, S., & Käppeler, F. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19484.x · Cited by 248
THE GHOSTS SURVEY. I. HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE ADVANCED CAMERA FOR SURVEYS DATA
Radburn-Smith, D. J., de Jong, R. S., Seth, A. C., Bailin, J., Bell, E. F., Brown, T. M., Bullock, J. S., Courteau, S., Dalcanton, J. J., Ferguson, H. C., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/195/2/18 · Cited by 236
Mass and shape of the Milky Way’s dark matter halo with globular clusters from Gaia and Hubble
Posti, L., & Helmi, A. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833355 · Cited by 233
MAPPING THE STELLAR STRUCTURE OF THE MILKY WAY THICK DISK AND HALO USING SEGUE PHOTOMETRY
de Jong, J. T. A., Yanny, B., Rix, H.-W., Dolphin, A. E., Martin, N. F., & Beers, T. C. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/714/1/663 · Cited by 231
Self-citationTumlinson, J. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/708/2/1398 · Cited by 223
Sesar, B., Ivezić, Ž., Grammer, S. H., Morgan, D. P., Becker, A. C., Jurić, M., De Lee, N., Annis, J., Beers, T. C., Fan, X., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/708/1/717 · Cited by 222
Self-citationDi Matteo, P., Haywood, M., Lehnert, M. D., Katz, D., Khoperskov, S., Snaith, O. N., Gómez, A., & Robichon, N. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834929 · Cited by 222
Refinement of the standard halo model for dark matter searches in light of the Gaia Sausage
Evans, N. W., O’Hare, C. A. J., & McCabe, C. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.023012 · Cited by 255
Using chemical tagging to redefine the interface of the Galactic disc and halo
Hawkins, K., Jofré, P., Masseron, T., & Gilmore, G. F. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1586 · Cited by 210
From dawn till disc: Milky Way’s turbulent youth revealed by the APOGEE+ Gaia data
Belokurov, V. A., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1267 · Cited by 210
THE MILKY WAY TOMOGRAPHY WITH SDSS. III. STELLAR KINEMATICS
Bond, N. A., Ivezić, Ž., Sesar, B., Jurić, M., Munn, J. A., Kowalski, A. F., Loebman, S., Roškar, R., Beers, T. C., Dalcanton, J. J., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/716/1/1 · Cited by 208
Self-citationThe Galaxy and its stellar halo: insights on their formation from a hybrid cosmological approach
Lucia, G. D., & Helmi, A. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13862.x · Cited by 206
Chemical tagging with APOGEE: discovery of a large population of N-rich stars in the inner Galaxy
Schiavon, R. P., Zamora, O., Carrera, R., Lucatello, S., Robin, A. C., Ness, M., Martell, S. L., Smith, V. V., García-Hernández, D. A., Manchado, A., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2162 · Cited by 206
Self-citationGaia Reveals a Metal-rich, in situ Component of the Local Stellar Halo
Bonaca, A., Conroy, C., Wetzel, A., Hopkins, P. F., & Kereš, D. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7d0c · Cited by 215
THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE DRACO DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY
Cohen, J. G., & Huang, W. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/2/1053 · Cited by 201
Multiple retrograde substructures in the Galactic halo: A shattered view of Galactic history
Koppelman, H. H., Helmi, A., Massari, D., Price-Whelan, A. M., & Starkenburg, T. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936738/pdf · Cited by 199
Thirty Meter Telescope Detailed Science Case: 2015
Skidmore, W. (2015) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/15/12/001 · Cited by 201
THE LUMINOSITY PROFILE AND STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY
Courteau, S., Widrow, L. M., McDonald, M., Guhathakurta, P., Gilbert, K. M., Zhu, Y., Beaton, R. L., & Majewski, S. R. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/739/1/20 · Cited by 199
NORMAL AND OUTLYING POPULATIONS OF THE MILKY WAY STELLAR HALO AT [Fe/H] <–2
Cohen, J. G., Christlieb, N., Thompson, I., McWilliam, A., Shectman, S. A., Reimers, D., Wisotzki, L., & Kirby, E. N. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/778/1/56 · Cited by 198
THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG COMPACT STELLAR SYSTEMS: A FRESH VIEW OF ULTRACOMPACT DWARFS
Brodie, J. P., Romanowsky, A. J., Strader, J., & Forbes, D. A. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/6/199 · Cited by 190
Modelling the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
Matteucci, F. (2021) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00133-8 · Cited by 215
Monachesi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Simpson, C. M., Kauffmann, G., Bustamante, S., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Springel, V., Frenk, C. S., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz538 · Cited by 209
Structure finding in cosmological simulations: the state of affairs
Knebe, A., Pearce, F. R., Lux, H., Ascasíbar, Y., Behroozi, P., Casado, J., Moran, C. C., Diemand, J., Dolag, K., Domínguez-Tenreiro, R., et al. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1403 · Cited by 200
Goddard, D., Thomas, D., Maraston, C., Westfall, K. B., Etherington, J., Riffel, R., Mallmann, N. D., Zheng, Z., Argudo–Fernández, M., Lian, J., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3371 · Cited by 185
Pregalactic metal enrichment: The chemical signatures of the first stars
Karlsson, T., Bromm, V., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2013) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.85.809 · Cited by 197
The stellar content of the Hamburg/ESO survey
Christlieb, N., Schörck, T., Frebel, A., Beers, T. C., Wisotzki, L., & Reimers, D. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078748 · Cited by 195
Self-citationKafle, P. R., Sharma, S., Lewis, G. F., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/98 · Cited by 180
Brodie, J. P., Romanowsky, A. J., Strader, J., Forbes, D. A., Foster, C., Jennings, Z. G., Pastorello, N., Pota, V., Usher, C., Blom, C., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/796/1/52 · Cited by 187
THE CASE FOR THE DUAL HALO OF THE MILKY WAY
Beers, T. C., Carollo, D., Ivezić, Ž., An, D., Chiba, M., Norris, J. E., Freeman, K. C., Lee, Y. S., Munn, J. A., Fiorentin, P. R., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/746/1/34 · Cited by 175
Self-citationBUILDING LATE-TYPE SPIRAL GALAXIES BY IN-SITU AND EX-SITU STAR FORMATION
Pillepich, A., Madau, P., & Mayer, L. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/184 · Cited by 172
One Large Blob and Many Streams Frosting the nearby Stellar Halo in Gaia DR2
Koppelman, H. H., Helmi, A., & Veljanoski, J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aac882 · Cited by 172
Oxygen Abundances In Nearby FGK Stars And The Galactic Chemical Evolution Of The Local Disk And HaloPreprint
Lambert, D. L. (2016) · doi:10.15781/t2023w · Cited by 172
Sesar, B., Jurić, M., & Ivezić, Ž. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/731/1/4 · Cited by 171
Norris, J. E., Wyse, R. F. G., Gilmore, G. F., Yong, D., Frebel, A., Wilkinson, M. I., Belokurov, V., & Zucker, D. B. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/723/2/1632 · Cited by 178
Self-citationWIDE-FIELD PRECISION KINEMATICS OF THE M87 GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM
Strader, J., Romanowsky, A. J., Brodie, J. P., Spitler, L. R., Beasley, M. A., Arnold, J. A., Tamura, N., Sharples, R. M., & Arimoto, N. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/33 · Cited by 177
Reverse engineering the Milky Way
Forbes, D. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa245 · Cited by 168
QUANTIFYING KINEMATIC SUBSTRUCTURE IN THE MILKY WAY'S STELLAR HALO
Xue, X.-X., Rix, H., Yanny, B., Beers, T. C., Bell, E. F., Zhao, G., Bullock, J. S., Johnston, K. V., Morrison, H., Rockosi, C. M., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/738/1/79 · Cited by 168
Self-citationIshigaki, M. N., Aoki, W., & Chiba, M. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/771/1/67 · Cited by 168
Self-citationChemical signatures of formation processes in the stellar populations of simulated galaxies
Tissera, P. B., White, S. D. M., & Scannapieco, C. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20028.x · Cited by 168
LITHIUM ABUNDANCES OF EXTREMELY METAL-POOR TURNOFF STARS
Aoki, W., Barklem, P. S., Beers, T. C., Christlieb, N., Inoue, S., Pérez, A. E. G., Norris, J. E., & Carollo, D. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/698/2/1803 · Cited by 165
Self-citationLinking dwarf galaxies to halo building blocks with the most metal-poor star in Sculptor
Frebel, A., Kirby, E. N., & Simon, J. D. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08772 · Cited by 164
Reconstructing the Last Major Merger of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Zaritsky, D., Weinberger, R., Ting, Y.-S., Caldwell, N., Tacchella, S., Han, J., Speagle, J. S., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d2d · Cited by 190
COMPLEXITY ON SMALL SCALES. III. IRON AND α ELEMENT ABUNDANCES IN THE CARINA DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY
Koch, A., Grebel, E. K., Gilmore, G. F., Wyse, R. F. Ġ., Kleyna, J. T., Harbeck, D. R., Wilkinson, M. I., & Evans, N. W. (2008) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1580 · Cited by 158
Hayes, C. R., Majewski, S. R., Shetrone, M. D., Fernández-Alvar, E., Prieto, C. A., Schuster, W. J., Carigi, L., Cunha, K., Smith, V. V., Sobeck, J. S., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9cec · Cited by 158
Self-citationBuilding the Galactic halo from globular clusters: evidence from chemically unusual red giants
Martell, S. L., Smoliński, J., Beers, T. C., & Grebel, E. K. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117644 · Cited by 154
Self-citationJINAbase—A Database for Chemical Abundances of Metal-poor Stars
Abohalima, A., & Frebel, A. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aadfe9 · Cited by 161
CARBON-ENHANCED METAL-POOR STARS IN THE INNER AND OUTER HALO COMPONENTS OF THE MILKY WAY
Carollo, D., Beers, T. C., Bovy, J., Sivarani, T., Norris, J. E., Freeman, K. C., Aoki, W., Lee, Y. S., & Kennedy, C. R. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/744/2/195 · Cited by 153
Self-citationAges and kinematics of chemically selected, accreted Milky Way halo stars
Das, P., Hawkins, K., & Jofré, P. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3537 · Cited by 171
Global structure and kinematics of stellar haloes in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
McCarthy, I. G., Font, A. S., Crain, R. A., Deason, A. J., Schaye, J., & Theuns, T. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20189.x · Cited by 150
Merritt, A., van Dokkum, P., Abraham, R. G., & Zhang, J. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/830/2/62 · Cited by 147
Lee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., Prieto, C. A., Lai, D. K., Rockosi, C. M., Morrison, H. L., Johnson, J. A., An, D., Sivarani, T., & Yanny, B. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/3/90 · Cited by 145
Self-citationDynamical Relics of the Ancient Galactic Halo
Yuan, Z., Myeong, G. C., Beers, T. C., Evans, N. W., Lee, Y. S., Banerjee, P., Gudin, D., Hattori, K., Li, H., Matsuno, T., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6ef7 · Cited by 152
Self-citationLee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., Prieto, C. A., Lai, D. K., Constance, M., Morrison, H., Johnson, J. A., An, D., Sivarani, T., & Yanny, B. (2011) · Cited by 144
Self-citationThe Chemical Evolution of the Draco Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 1Preprint
Cohen, J. G., & Huang, W. (2012) · Cited by 143
Formation ofin situstellar haloes in Milky Way-mass galaxies
Cooper, A. P., Parry, O. H., Lowing, B., Cole, S., & Frenk, C. S. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2057 · Cited by 142
Stellar archaeology: Exploring the Universe with metal‐poor stars
Frebel, A. (2010) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.201011362 · Cited by 148
Apocenter Pile-up: Origin of the Stellar Halo Density Break
Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V., Koposov, S. E., & Lancaster, L. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad0ee · Cited by 141
The shape of the Galactic halo with Gaia DR2 RR Lyrae. Anatomy of an ancient major merger
Iorio, G., & Belokurov, V. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2806 · Cited by 139
“While surveys like the SDSS (see Alam et al. 2015) do provide a much broader view of the halo (see e.g. Carollo et al. 2007, 2010), large swathes of the sky are still missing, leaving portions of the inner Galaxy unmapped.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Carollo, D., Beers, T. C., Lee, Y. S., Chiba, M., Norris, J. E., Wilhelm, R., Sivarani, T., Marsteller, B., Munn, J. A., Bailer-Jones, C. A. L., Fiorentin, P. R., & York, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT)
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (US)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- United States Naval Observatory (US)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carollo, Daniela
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-12-13
- Volume
- 450
- Issue
- 7172
- Pages
- 1020-1025
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2088048947
- Cited by
- 626
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 30.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2008-01-10)
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic halo, inner halo, outer halo, stellar metallicity, stellar rotation, stellar orbits, dissipationless mergers, tidal disruption, galaxy formation, stellar populations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
