The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion
Open accessAbstract
Autophagy, or cellular self-digestion, is a cellular pathway involved in protein and organelle degradation, with an astonishing number of connections to human disease and physiology. For example, autophagic dysfunction is associated with cancer, neurodegeneration, microbial infection and ageing. Paradoxically, although autophagy is primarily a protective process for the cell, it can also play a role in cell death. Understanding autophagy may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to harness this process for the purpose of improving human health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Proteostasis involves mechanisms for the stabilization of correctly folded proteins, most prominently the heat-shock family of proteins, and mechanisms for the degradation of proteins by the proteasome or the lysosome (Hartl et al., 2011; Koga et al., 2011; Mizushima et al., 2008).”
From The Hallmarks of Aging (2013) · cites this paper as Mizushima et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The neuroprotective function of macroautophagy has become an interesting focus in neurodegenerative disease, exemplified in Huntington's disease (Menzies et al., 2006;Mizushima et al., 2008), as well as in animal models (Hara et al., 2006;Komatsu et al., 2006).”
From Depletion of 26S Proteasomes in Mouse Brain Neurons Causes Neurodegeneration and Lewy-Like Inclusions Resembling Human Pale Bodies (2008) · cites this paper as Mizushima et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Three different forms of autophagy have been described in mammalian cells: macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Fig. 3) (Cuervo, 2009; He and Klionsky, 2009; Mizushima et al., 2008).”
From Protein Homeostasis and Aging: the importance of exquisite quality control (2011) · cites this paper as Mizushima et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“macro-autophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy)—a tightly regulated major lysosomal degradation pathway (27–30)—has been implicated in establishing the SASP through the target of rapamycin (TOR) autophagy spatial coupling compartment (TASCC).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Mariño, G., Salvador-Montoliu, N., Fueyo, A., Knecht, E., Mizushima, N., & López-Otı́n, C. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m701194200 · Cited by 427
Self-citationRetractedAutophagy in the Pathogenesis of Disease
Levine, B., & Kroemer, G. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.018 · Cited by 7,069
Self-citationPankiv, S., Clausen, T. H., Lamark, T., Brech, A., Bruun, J.-A., Outzen, H., Øvervatn, A., Bjørkøy, G., & Johansen, T. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m702824200 · Cited by 4,578
Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice
Hara, T., Nakamura, K., Matsui, M., Yamamoto, A., Nakahara, Y., Suzuki-Migishima, R., Yokoyama, M., Mishima, K., Saito, I., Okano, H., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04724 · Cited by 3,882
Self-citationSelf-eating and self-killing: crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis
Maiuri, M. C., Zalckvar, E., Kimchi, A., & Kroemer, G. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2239 · Cited by 3,638
Bcl-2 Antiapoptotic Proteins Inhibit Beclin 1-Dependent Autophagy
Pattingre, S., Tassa, A., Qu, X., Garuti, R., Liang, X. H., Mizushima, N., Packer, M., Schneider, M. D., & Levine, B. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.002 · Cited by 3,536
Self-citationLoss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice
Komatsu, M., Waguri, S., Chiba, T., Murata, S., Iwata, J.-I., Tanida, I., Ueno, T., Koike, M., Uchiyama, Y., Kominami, E., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04723 · Cited by 3,500
Bjørkøy, G., Lamark, T., Brech, A., Outzen, H., Perander, M., Øvervatn, A., Stenmark, H., & Johansen, T. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200507002 · Cited by 3,276
The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period
Kuma, A., Hatano, M., Matsui, M., Yamamoto, A., Nakaya, H., Yoshimori, T., Ohsumi, Y., Tokuhisa, T., & Mizushima, N. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03029 · Cited by 2,865
Self-citationRavikumar, B., Vacher, C., Berger, Z., Davies, J. E., Luo, S., Oroz, L. G., Scaravilli, F., Easton, D. F., Duden, R., O'Kane, C. J., et al. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1362 · Cited by 2,347
Impairment of starvation-induced and constitutive autophagy in Atg7 -deficient mice
Komatsu, M., Waguri, S., Ueno, T., Iwata, J., Murata, S., Tanida, I., Ezaki, J., Mizushima, N., Ohsumi, Y., Uchiyama, Y., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200412022 · Cited by 2,331
Self-citationPromotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene
Qu, X., Yu, J., Bhagat, G., Furuya, N., Hibshoosh, H., Troxel, A., Rosen, J., Eskelinen, E.-L., Mizushima, N., Ohsumi, Y., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci20039 · Cited by 2,311
Self-citationHomeostatic levels of p62 control cytoplasmic inclusion body formation in autophagy-deficient mice.
Komatsu, M., Waguri, S., Koike, M., Sou, Y.-S., Ueno, T., Hara, T., Mizushima, N., Iwata, J.-I., Ezaki, J., Murata, S., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.035 · Cited by 2,124
Self-citationYue, Z., Jin, S., Yang, C., Levine, A. J., & Heintz, N. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2436255100 · Cited by 2,116
Mizushima, N., Yamamoto, A., Matsui, M., Yoshimori, T., & Ohsumi, Y. (2004) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e03-09-0704 · Cited by 2,105
Self-citationImpaired Degradation of Mutant α-Synuclein by Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy
Cuervo, A. M., Stefanis, L., Fredenburg, R., Lansbury, P. T., & Sulzer, D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1101738 · Cited by 2,024
Self-citationInclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death
Arrasate, M., Mitra, S., Schweitzer, E. S., Segal, M. R., & Finkbeiner, S. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02998 · Cited by 1,979
Mathew, R., Karantza-Wadsworth, V., & White, E. (2007) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2254 · Cited by 1,798
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
Levine, B. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci26390 · Cited by 1,694
Self-citationThe roles of intracellular protein-degradation pathways in neurodegeneration
Rubinsztein, D. C. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05291 · Cited by 1,625
Extensive Involvement of Autophagy in Alzheimer Disease: An Immuno-Electron Microscopy Study
Nixon, R. A., Wegiel, J., Kumar, A., Yu, W. H., Peterhoff, C., Cataldo, A., & Cuervo, A. M. (2005) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/64.2.113 · Cited by 1,588
Self-citationThe role of autophagy in cardiomyocytes in the basal state and in response to hemodynamic stress
Nakai, A., Yamaguchi, O., Takeda, T., Higuchi, Y., Hikoso, S., Taniike, M., Omiya, S., Mizote, I., Matsumura, Y., Asahi, M., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1574 · Cited by 1,520
Self-citationCalpain-mediated cleavage of Atg5 switches autophagy to apoptosis
Yousefi, S., Perozzo, R., Schmid, I., Ziemiecki, A., Schaffner, T., Scapozza, L., Brunner, T., & Simon, H.-U. (2006) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1482 · Cited by 1,158
Autophagy inhibition enhances therapy-induced apoptosis in a Myc-induced model of lymphoma
Amaravadi, R. K., Yu, D., Lum, J. J., Bui, T., Christophorou, M. A., Evan, G. I., Thomas‐Tikhonenko, A., & Thompson, C. B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28833 · Cited by 1,158
Functional and physical interaction between Bcl‐XL and a BH3‐like domain in Beclin‐1
Maiuri, M. C., Toumelin-Braizat, G. L., Criollo, A., Rain, J., Gautier, F., Juin, P. P., Tasdemir, E., Pierron, G., Troulinaki, K., Tavernarakis, N., et al. (2007) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601689 · Cited by 1,154
Ambra1 regulates autophagy and development of the nervous system
Fimia, G. M., Stoykova, A., Romagnoli, A., Giunta, L., Bartolomeo, S. D., Nardacci, R., Corazzari, M., Fuoco, C., Uçar, A., Schwartz, P. J., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05925 · Cited by 1,082
Macroautophagy—a novel β-amyloid peptide-generating pathway activated in Alzheimer's disease
Yu, W. H., Cuervo, A. M., Kumar, A., Peterhoff, C. M., Schmidt, S. D., Lee, J.-H., Mohan, P. S., Mercken, M., Farmery, M. R., Tjernberg, L. O., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200505082 · Cited by 967
Self-citationBif-1 interacts with Beclin 1 through UVRAG and regulates autophagy and tumorigenesis
Takahashi, Y., Coppola, D., Matsushita, N., Cualing, H. D., Sun, M., Sato, Y., Liang, C., Jung, J. U., Cheng, J. Q., Mul, J. J., et al. (2007) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1634 · Cited by 964
The molecular machinery of autophagy: unanswered questions
Klionsky, D. J. (2004) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.01620 · Cited by 960
Self-citationUnveiling the roles of autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity
Levine, B., & Deretic, V. P. (2007) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2161 · Cited by 934
Self-citationDirect Induction of Autophagy by Atg1 Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptotic Cell Death
Scott, R. C., Juhász, G., & Neufeld, T. P. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.053 · Cited by 871
Potential therapeutic applications of autophagy
Rubinsztein, D. C., Gestwicki, J. E., Murphy, L. O., & Klionsky, D. J. (2007) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2272 · Cited by 862
Self-citationHSV-1 ICP34.5 Confers Neurovirulence by Targeting the Beclin 1 Autophagy Protein
Orvedahl, A., Alexander, D., Tallóczy, Z., Sun, Q., Wei, Y., Zhang, W., Burns, D., Leib, D. A., & Levine, B. (2007) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2006.12.001 · Cited by 857
Self-citationProtein Turnover Via Autophagy: Implications for Metabolism
Mizushima, N., & Klionsky, D. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093749 · Cited by 813
Self-citationEating Oneself and Uninvited Guests
Levine, B. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.005 · Cited by 809
Self-citationAutophagy and aging: The importance of maintaining "clean" cells
Cuervo, A. M., Bergamini, E., Brunk, U. T., Dröge, W., Ffrench, M., & Terman, A. (2005) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.1.3.2017 · Cited by 792
Self-citationAutophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty
Lum, J. J., DeBerardinis, R. J., & Thompson, C. B. (2005) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1660 · Cited by 774
HDAC6 and microtubules are required for autophagic degradation of aggregated huntingtin.
Iwata, A., Riley, B. E., Johnston, J. A., & Kopito, R. R. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m508786200 · Cited by 719
Autophagy Gene-Dependent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells during Embryonic Development
Qu, X., Zou, Z., Sun, Q., Luby‐Phelps, K., Cheng, P., Hogan, R. N., Gilpin, C. J., & Levine, B. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.044 · Cited by 664
Self-citationA critical role for the autophagy gene Atg5 in T cell survival and proliferation
Pua, H. H., Dzhagalov, I., Chuck, M., Mizushima, N., & He, Y.-W. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20061303 · Cited by 622
Self-citationKomatsu, M., Wang, Q. J., Holstein, G. R., Friedrich, V. L., Iwata, J.-I., Kominami, E., Chait, B. T., Tanaka, K., & Yue, Z. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701311104 · Cited by 614
Small molecules enhance autophagy and reduce toxicity in Huntington's disease models
Sarkar, S., Perlstein, E. O., Imarisio, S., Pineau, S., Cordenier, A., Maglathlin, R. L., Webster, J. A., Lewis, T. A., O’Kane, C. J., Schreiber, S. L., et al. (2007) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio883 · Cited by 604
Autophagy delays apoptotic death in breast cancer cells following DNA damage
Abedin, M. J., Wang, D.-P., McDonnell, M. A., Lehmann, U., & Kelekar, A. (2006) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402039 · Cited by 532
Autophagy and neurodegeneration: when the cleaning crew goes on strike
Martínez‐Vicente, M., & Cuervo, A. M. (2007) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70076-5 · Cited by 495
Self-citationCarew, J. S., Nawrocki, S. T., Kahue, C. N., Zhang, H., Yang, C., Chung, L., Houghton, J. A., Huang, P., Giles, F. J., & Cleveland, J. L. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-050260 · Cited by 487
Gözüaçık, D., & Kimchi, A. (2007) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(06)78006-1 · Cited by 447
Cellular autophagy: surrender, avoidance and subversion by microorganisms
Kirkegaard, K., Taylor, M. P., & Jackson, W. T. (2004) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro865 · Cited by 444
Innate and Adaptive Immunity through Autophagy
Schmid, D., & Münz, C. (2007) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.004 · Cited by 439
Aggresomes Formed by α-Synuclein and Synphilin-1 Are Cytoprotective
Tanaka, M., Kim, Y. M., Lee, G., Junn, E., Iwatsubo, T., & Mouradian, M. M. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m310994200 · Cited by 434
Autophagy and Its Possible Roles in Nervous System Diseases, Damage and Repair
Rubinsztein, D. C., DiFiglia, M., Heintz, N., Nixon, R. A., Qin, Z., Ravikumar, B., Stefanis, L., & Tolkovsky, A. M. (2005) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.1.1.1513 · Cited by 424
Huang, J., & Klionsky, D. J. (2007) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.6.15.4511 · Cited by 321
Self-citationChaperone-mediated autophagy in aging and disease
Massey, A. C., Zhang, C., & Cuervo, A. M. (2006) · Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(05)73007-6 · Cited by 315
Self-citationSignalling and autophagy regulation in health, aging and disease
Meijer, A. J., & Codogno, P. (2006) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2006.08.002 · Cited by 252
Inactivation of the Autophagy Gene bec-1 Triggers Apoptotic Cell Death in C. elegans
Takács‐Vellai, K., Vellai, T., Puoti, A., Passannante, M., Wicky, C., Streit, A., Kovács, A. L., & Müller, F. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.035 · Cited by 228
Altered dynamics of the lysosomal receptor for chaperone-mediated autophagy with age
Kiffin, R., Kaushik, S., Zeng, M., Bandyopadhyay, U., Zhang, C., Massey, A. C., Martinez-Vicente, M., & Cuervo, A. M. (2007) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.001073 · Cited by 213
Self-citationEating the endoplasmic reticulum: quality control by autophagy
Yorimitsu, T., & Klionsky, D. J. (2007) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.04.005 · Cited by 200
Self-citationAgeing-related changes in the in vivo function of rat liver macroautophagy and proteolysis
Roso, A. D. (2003) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(03)00002-0 · Cited by 181
Autophagy Signaling and the Cogwheels of Cancer
Botti, J., Djavaheri‐Mergny, M., Pilatte, Y., & Codogno, P. (2006) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.2.2.2458 · Cited by 154
Effect of thiol antioxidant on body fat and insulin reactivity
Hildebrandt, W., Hamann, A., Krakowski‐Roosen, H., Kinscherf, R., Dugi, K. A., Sauer, R., Lacher, S., N�bel, N., Bodens, A., Bellou, V., et al. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-004-0532-5 · Cited by 46
Bergamini, E. (2005) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.9.1.77 · Cited by 12
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Repertoires of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases
Li, Y., Jiang, Q. L., Cao, G.-F., Yao, J., & Yan, B. (2015) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000373980 · Cited by 16,351
López-Otín, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Kroemer, G. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039 · Cited by 14,982
Methods in Mammalian Autophagy Research
Mizushima, N., Yoshimori, T., & Levine, B. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.028 · Cited by 4,497
Self-citationAutophagy and Viruses: Adversaries or Allies?
Dong, X., & Levine, B. (2013) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000346388 · Cited by 4,444
Self-citationAutophagy regulates lipid metabolism
Singh, R., Kaushik, S., Wang, Y., Xiang, Y., Novak, I., Komatsu, M., Tanaka, K., Cuervo, A. M., & Czaja, M. J. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07976 · Cited by 3,975
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Mizushima, N., Levine, B., Cuervo, A. M., & Klionsky, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klionsky, Daniel J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 451
- Issue
- 7182
- Pages
- 1069-1075
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2670399
- OpenAlex
- W1994823455
- Cited by
- 6,452
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 233 · 2024: 302 · 2023: 305 · 2022: 361 · 2021: 381 · 2020: 412 · 2019: 392 · 2018: 388 · 2017: 434 · 2016: 439 · 2015: 430 · 2014: 456 · 2013: 400 · 2012: 378
- FWCI
- 35.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Toray Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R03AG019834, R01AG021904, R21AG025355)
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Keywords
- autophagy, protein degradation, organelle degradation, cytoprotection, cell death, cancer, neurodegeneration, microbial infection, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Autophagy, Cell Survival, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Neoplasms, Cell Death, Neurodegenerative Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
