The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers
Open accessAbstract
In contrast to protein-coding sequences, the significance of variation in non-coding DNA in human disease has been minimally explored. A great number of recent genome-wide association studies suggest that non-coding variation is a significant risk factor for common disorders, but the mechanisms by which this variation contributes to disease remain largely obscure. Distant-acting transcriptional enhancers--a major category of functional non-coding DNA--are involved in many developmental and disease-relevant processes. Genome-wide approaches to their discovery and functional characterization are now available and provide a growing knowledge base for the systematic exploration of their role in human biology and disease susceptibility.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“most genetic variation that contributes to common psychiatric disorders is not in protein-coding regions”
From Defining the genetic, genomic, cellular, and diagnostic architectures of psychiatric disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Visel et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“The majority of disease-associated genetic variation lies in non-coding regions (7) enriched for non-coding RNAs and cis regulatory elements that regulate gene expression and splicing of their cognate coding gene targets (8, 9).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, C. F. G. R., Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35057062 · Cited by 24,216
The sequence of the human genome
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058040 · Cited by 13,909
RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics
Wang, Z., Gerstein, M., & Snyder, M. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2484 · Cited by 13,174
Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome
Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01262 · Cited by 7,187
High-Resolution Profiling of Histone Methylations in the Human Genome
Barski, A., Cuddapah, S., Cui, K., Roh, T.-Y., Schones, D. E., Wang, Z., Wei, G., Chepelev, I., & Zhao, K. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.009 · Cited by 6,845
The ENCODE Project Consortium (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05874 · Cited by 5,223
Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03001 · Cited by 4,971
Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells
Mikkelsen, T. S., Ku, M., Jaffe, D. B., Issac, B., Lieberman, E., Giannoukos, G., Alvarez, P., Brockman, W., Kim, T.-K., Koche, R. P., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06008 · Cited by 4,129
Evolutionarily conserved elements in vertebrate, insect, worm, and yeast genomes
Siepel, A., Bejerano, G., Pedersen, J. S., Hinrichs, A. S., Hou, M., Rosenbloom, K., Clawson, H., Spieth, J., Hillier, L. W., Richards, S., et al. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3715005 · Cited by 3,971 · cited 1×
“However, some observations have challenged such a generalized correlation between sequence conservation and enhancer activity: (1) experimental analysis of individual loci suggested that a large proportion of enhancers cannot be detected by comparative genomics 56, (2) a surprisingly large fraction of sequences in the…”
BackgroundCapturing Chromosome Conformation
Dekker, J., Rippe, K., Dekker, M., & Kleckner, N. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067799 · Cited by 3,652
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 123 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 605
Boolean logic links chromatin accessibility states to gene expression variability across cell types
Malekpour, S. A., Jafari, M., & Sadeghi, M. (2026) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkag230 · Cited by 1
Generating Diversity and Specificity through Developmental Cell Signaling
Hoch, R. V., & Soriano, P. M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405945-0.00001-6 · Cited by 1
Cis-Regulatory Variation and Cancer
Wasserman, N. F., & Nóbrega, M. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1683-8_10 · Cited by 1
Genetic Methods for Anatomical Analysis of Neuronal Circuits
DeBlander, L., Weible, A. P., & Kentros, C. G. (2011) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-533-6_9 · Cited by 1
Walking in the PPI network to identify the risky SNP of osteoporosis with decision tree algorithm
Yang, J., Gu, H., Jiang, X., Huang, Q., Hu, X. T., & Shen, X. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm.2016.7822703 · Cited by 1
Más allá de las moléculas...lo que los clínicos desconocen: Acortando brechas
Gómez, M. L. G., Calixto, C. A., Gómez, A. M., Lugo-Mesa, V., Güete, M. M. G., Ramírez, N. V., Moreno, M. D. L. P. A., Rodriguez, J. P., Martín, N. M., Robles, C. A. F., et al. (2019) · Universitas Médica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.umed60-2.mole · Cited by 1
Computational methods to predict Enhancer-target Gene Pairs
XiaoQiang, X. U., Ting, C. U. I., Zhang, H., Shang, D., & Li, C. (2023) · Scientia Sinica Vitae · doi:10.1360/ssv-2023-0086 · Cited by 1
Long-range control of T-cell development
van Essen, D. (2013) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2013-06-508473 · Cited by 1
Methods for family-based designs in genetic epidemiology studies
Carlson, J. C. (2017) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Chromosome Conformation Capture for Research on Innate Antiviral Immunity
Kim, Y. J., & Kim, T. H. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7237-1_13 · Cited by 1
Classify and identify the risky loci of type 2 diabetes with computational method
Yang, J., Zhang, F., Jiang, X., Shen, X., & Hu, X. T. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm.2017.8217855 · Cited by 1
Theera-Ampornpunt, N., & Chaterji, S. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm.2017.8217829 · Cited by 1
Feng, Z., Li, Q., & Meng, J.-J. (2019) · Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1007/s41048-019-0089-z · Cited by 1
Advances in ABO gene expression regulation
Yang, X., & Wang, G. (2019) · Blood and Genomics · doi:10.46701/apjbg.2019022019125 · Cited by 1
Finding and Verifying Enhancers for Endothelial-Expressed Genes
Neal, A., Rodriguez‐Caro, H., & Val, S. D. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2059-5_28 · Cited by 1
Molekulare Struktur und Regulation eukaryotischer Gene
Graw, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60909-5_7 · Cited by 1
Nguyen, T., Khalifa, A. S., & Palu, R. A. S. (2022) · BioMedInformatics · doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics2040040 · Cited by 1
Hominid retrotransposons as a modulator of genomic function
Savage, A. L. (2014) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/00015773 · Cited by 1
Genomic Regulation of the Shox2 Gene during Mouse Limb Development
Abassah‐Oppong, S. (2016) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26274 · Cited by 1
Model-based analysis of polymorphisms in an enhancer reveals cis-regulatory mechanismsPreprint
Khajouei, F., Samper, N., Djabrayan, N., Lunt, B., Jiménez, G., & Sinha, S. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939264 · Cited by 1
Epigenetics analysis of SOCS1 gene and its association with chronic periodontitis
Planello, A. C. (2014) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2014.927598 · Cited by 1
Syed, S. A., Shqillo, K., Nand, A., Zhan, Y., Dekker, J., & Imbalzano, A. N. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544859 · Cited by 1
Syed, S. A., Shqillo, K., Nand, A., Zhan, Y., Dekker, J., & Imbalzano, A. N. (2023) · doi:10.7554/elife.88599.1 · Cited by 1
Deciphering DNA Sequence Information
Kaganovich, M., & Snyder, M. P. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527639991.ch1
Identification and Characterization of MYC Regulatory Elements: Links to Prostate Cancer
Wasserman, N. F. (2011) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ada549215
Keeping the genome in shape : a role for protein and RNA
Splinter, E. (2011) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Molekulare Struktur und Regulation prokaryotischer Gene
Graw, J. (2010) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04999-6_4
FUNCTION OF CORE PROMOTERS IN DIFFERENTIAL GENE REGULATION DURING EMBRYOGENESIS
Gehrig, J. (2010) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
A study of the generation of diversity in the central nervous system
Applequist, J. M. (2011) · Figshare
ELUCIDATING REGULATORY NETWORKS PROMOTING B-CELL DEVELOPMENT
Welinder, E. (2012) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
Enhancer activity of DNA fragments from the FXYD5-COX7A region of human chromosome 19
Sorotokina, A. N., Чернов, И. П., Stukacheva, E. A., Николаев, Л. Г., & Sverdlov, E. D. (2011) · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s1068162011020142
Computational modeling of gene expression from regulatory sequences
Samee, M. A. H. (2015) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Identifying developmental enhancers: changing perspectives with advancing techniques
Gongal, P. (2013) · Postdoc Journal · doi:10.14304/surya.jpr.v1n10.1
Barozzi, I. (2014) · Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) · doi:10.13130/barozzi-iros-giacomo_phd2014-03-25
Li, Y., Hu, H., Zhou, M., Zhou, H., Ye, J., Ning, L., & Ning, Y. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep16051
The long range regulation of breast cancer associated genes
Betts, J. A. (2016) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2016.158
Computational Study of Transcriptional Regulation- From Sequence To Expression
Zhong, S., & Rosenfeld, R. (2013)
Investigation of the mechanisms mediating genetic associations with atrial fibrillation
Martin, R. I. R. (2015)
Mapping the Shh regulatory landscape
Anderson, E. S. (2015) · ERA
Identifying Tissue Specific Distal Regulatory Sequences in the Mouse Genome
Chen, C. (2011) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Unbiased genome-scale identification of cis -regulatory modules in the human genome by GRAMcPreprint
Guay, C. L., & Nam, J. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/468405
Im, C. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3m32ns3v
Chen, R., Chen, J., Gao, C., Wu, C., Pan, D., Zhang, J., Zhou, J., Wang, K., Zhang, Q., Yang, Q., et al. (2020) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2020.1738550
SHUI QING YE, L. Q. Z. (2016) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19129-16
Post-zygotic Genetic Variation in Health and Disease
Razzaghian, H. R. (2013) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)
The Contributions of RET Noncoding Variation to Hirschsprung Disease
Stine, Z. E., & McCallion, A. S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1683-8_9
Philip, N. (2012) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.14001975.15455084
Will, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55110-9_2
Molekulare Struktur und Regulation eukaryotischer Gene
Graw, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44817-5_7
Yip, K. Y.-L. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733444284.793547252
Saitsu, H. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.737001613.793572920
Sayer, J. A. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734486771.793554174
Syed, S. A., Shqillo, K., Nand, A., Zhan, Y., Dekker, J., & Imbalzano, A. N. (2023) · doi:10.7554/elife.88599
Long, K., Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y. L., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330094
Long, K., Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y. L., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330100
Long, K., Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y. L., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330109
Long, K., Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y. L., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330097
Long, K., Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y. L., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330106
Jiang, T., Ling, Z., Zhou, Z., Chen, X., Chen, L., Liu, S., Sun, Y., Yang, J., Yang, B., Huang, J., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21310705
Jiang, T., Ling, Z., Zhou, Z., Chen, X., Chen, L., Liu, S., Sun, Y., Yang, J., Yang, B., Huang, J., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21310708
Long, K., Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y. L., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330103
Onat, O. E., & Ustunel, F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95502-7.00239-6
Pandey, A., Meitei, H. N., Konjengbam, B. D., Rahaman, H., & Haobam, R. (2025) · Biochemical Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10528-024-11015-w
Genetic variants within silencer elements shape human blood cell phenotype diversityPreprint
Tan, M., van Weerd, J., Yavas, A., & Pang, B. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632723
Enlightenment of ESCAP Autism Practice Guidelines for Autism Intervention Education in China
陶, 朝. (2025) · Vocational Education · doi:10.12677/ve.2025.142096
Pelletier, A., Carayon, A., Carrier, Y., Sengenès, C., Dubois, L., & Frendo, J. (2025) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-025-00392-4
Aberrant Enhancer Regulation, Phase Separation, and Autoimmune Diseases
Hou, H., Qiu, Y., & Zhao, M. (2025) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-025-09096-5
Hauka, S. (2015) · Univ. Duesseldorf: Duesseldorfer Dokumenten- und Publikationsserver
Identifying long-range control elements of the BRCA1 promoter
Lee, J. (2015) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2015.455
龙科任, Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330115
龙科任, Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330088
Jing, F., Zhang, S., & Zhang, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13204601
Additional file 1 of Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
Panigrahi, A., & O’Malley, B. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14429176
龙科任, Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330118
龙科任, Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330085
Wolfe, J. C., Mikheeva, L. A., Hagras, H., & Zabet, N. R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16960406
Wolfe, J. C., Mikheeva, L. A., Hagras, H., & Zabet, N. R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16960409
龙科任, Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330091
龙科任, Su, D., Li, X., Li, H., Zeng, S., Zhang, Y., Zhong, Z., Lin, Y., Li, X., Lu, L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330112
Molekulare Struktur und Regulation eukaryotischer Gene
Ehrenhofer‐Murray, A. E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70328-1_7
Cadorna, K., Aguinaldo, Z.-Z. A., de la Cruz, M. P. E., Pasaquian, H. M. E., Corre, V. L., Parado-Estepa, F. D., Amar, E. C., Maningas, M. B. B., & Lluisma, A. O. (2026) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1002/age.70082
Nguyen-Dumont, B. T. T. (2010) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4efdaa80z4154z4df4z817fz17a6042243c2
Transcriptional regulation of the rod-specific transcription factor, Nrl
Kautzmann, M. A. (2012) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/33b247a9z44a9z477eza84dz15857187975a
Analyse bioinformatique des mécanismes de régulation durant le développement précoce des cellules T
Benoukraf, T. (2010) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/260bcf44zc16cz4493za40fzc98794a09935
Spatial Organization of Chromatin Structure in the Central Nervous System
藤田, 幸. (2022) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Kergourlay, V. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e1e28f71z48f6z44faz8257z2e125bed3a19
Genome-wide analysis of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling functions in embryonic stem cells
Dargham, D. B. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d1cdadecz357fz464ez9577z45f95b5c05ef
Complexe SWI/SNF et cancer _ Altérations génétiques et anomalies métaboliques
Masliah‐Planchon, J. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6fbcda99z3876z41c1z8f67z76fd284aa840
Discovery and analysis of silencers in Drosophila acting as enhancers in other cellular contexts
Palagi, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/375b5b81z3e0dz42f1z8c46z6f2263bd048b
The Transcription Factor Barhl2 Inhibits Wnt Canonical Signaling during Xenopus Embryogenesis
Sena, E. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/726fabd1z44f1z4cc7zb539z72feb45e5378
Barbier, N. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/99c2b3c5z36bdz42fdz9878z99a368eb72e3
Uffenorde, J., Pértille, F., Wiecheć, E., Söderqvist, S., Johansson, E. O., Spiegelberg, D., Roberg, K. B., & Guerrero‐Bosagna, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9159771/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Visel, A., Rubin, E. M., & Pennacchio, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 461
- Issue
- 7261
- Pages
- 199-205
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2923221
- OpenAlex
- W2048263136
- Cited by
- 610
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R21HL098940, U01HL066681)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG003988)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Keywords
- enhancers, enhancer function, genome-wide association study, disease susceptibility, human disease genetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Genome, Human, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genomics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review