A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star
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A decade ago, the detection of the first transiting extrasolar planet provided a direct constraint on its composition and opened the door to spectroscopic investigations of extrasolar planetary atmospheres. Because such characterization studies are feasible only for transiting systems that are both nearby and for which the planet-to-star radius ratio is relatively large, nearby small stars have been surveyed intensively. Doppler studies and microlensing have uncovered a population of planets with minimum masses of 1.9-10 times the Earth's mass (M[symbol:see text]), called super-Earths. The first constraint on the bulk composition of this novel class of planets was afforded by CoRoT-7b (refs 8, 9), but the distance and size of its star preclude atmospheric studies in the foreseeable future. Here we report observations of the transiting planet GJ 1214b, which has a mass of 6.55M[symbol:see text]), and a radius 2.68 times Earth's radius (R[symbol:see text]), indicating that it is intermediate in stature between Earth and the ice giants of the Solar System. We find that the planetary mass and radius are consistent with a composition of primarily water enshrouded by a hydrogen-helium envelope that is only 0.05% of the mass of the planet. The atmosphere is probably escaping hydrodynamically, indicating that it has undergone significant evolution during its history. The star is small and only 13 parsecs away, so the planetary atmosphere is amenable to study with current observatories.
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There are nine super-Earths with good determinations of both their radius and mass: GJ 1214 b, 55 Cnc e, Kepler-36b, HD 97658 b, CoRoT-7b, HIP 116454 b, Kepler-78b, and Kepler-10b and 10c.
“There are nine super-Earths with good determinations of both their radius and mass: GJ 1214 b (Charbonneau et al., 2009), 55 Cnc e (Gillon et al., 2012; Nelson et al., 2014), Kepler-36b (Carter et al., 2012), HD 97658 b (Dragomir et al., 2013), CoRoT-7b (Barros et al., 2014; Haywood et al., 2014), HIP 116454 b (Vanderburg et al., 2015), Kepler-78b (Howard et al., 2013; Pepe et al., 2013), and Ke”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Charbonneau et al., 2009
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Self-citationTHE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ENVIRONMENT AROUND M DWARF EXOPLANET HOST STARS
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The habitability of planets orbiting M-dwarf stars
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THREE POSSIBLE ORIGINS FOR THE GAS LAYER ON GJ 1214b
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THERMAL EMISSION AND REFLECTED LIGHT SPECTRA OF SUPER EARTHS WITH FLAT TRANSMISSION SPECTRA
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Self-citationWōtan: Comprehensive Time-series Detrending in Python
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A Detailed Model Grid for Solid Planets from 0.1 through 100 Earth Masses
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Mechanisms for the generation of plate tectonics by two-phase grain-damage and pinning
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THE EXOPLANET CENSUS: A GENERAL METHOD APPLIED TOKEPLER
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THE MASS OF Kepler-93b AND THE COMPOSITION OF TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
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Self-citationA rocky planet transiting a nearby low-mass star
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Self-citationTIDAL EVOLUTION OF CLOSE-IN PLANETS
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DENSITY AND ECCENTRICITY OF<i>KEPLER</i>PLANETS
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QUANTITATIVELY ASSESSING THE ROLE OF CLOUDS IN THE TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF GJ 1214b
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EVIDENCE OF POSSIBLE SPIN-ORBIT MISALIGNMENT ALONG THE LINE OF SIGHT IN TRANSITING EXOPLANET SYSTEMS
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An Earth-sized planet with an Earth-like density
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Self-citationNEAR-INFRARED METALLICITIES, RADIAL VELOCITIES, AND SPECTRAL TYPES FOR 447 NEARBY M DWARFS
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Self-citationBULK COMPOSITION OF GJ 1214b AND OTHER SUB-NEPTUNE EXOPLANETS
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PLANETS AROUND LOW-MASS STARS (PALMS). IV. THE OUTER ARCHITECTURE OF M DWARF PLANETARY SYSTEMS
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Detection of a transit of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e with warm Spitzer
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Self-citationHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPENEAR-IR TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY OF THE SUPER-EARTH HD 97658B
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THERMAL EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE MODELS OF THE TRANSITING SUPER-EARTH GJ 1214b
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Atmospheric Dynamics of Earth‐Like Tidally Locked Aquaplanets
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Self-citationTarget Selection For The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
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CHARACTERIZING THE COOL KOIs. II. THE M DWARF KOI-254 AND ITS HOT JUPITER
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METAL-RICH M-DWARF PLANET HOSTS: METALLICITIES WITH K -BAND SPECTRA
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Self-citationOBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR A METAL-RICH ATMOSPHERE ON THE SUPER-EARTH GJ1214b
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EFFECT OF UV RADIATION ON THE SPECTRAL FINGERPRINTS OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS ORBITING M STARS
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Simulating the escaping atmospheres of hot gas planets in the solar neighborhood
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ALL SIX PLANETS KNOWN TO ORBIT KEPLER-11 HAVE LOW DENSITIES
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THE KEPLER DICHOTOMY AMONG THE M DWARFS: HALF OF SYSTEMS CONTAIN FIVE OR MORE COPLANAR PLANETS
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THE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF GJ 1214b: PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND CLOUDS
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AN ACTIVITY–ROTATION RELATIONSHIP AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF NEARBY MID-TO-LATE-TYPE M DWARFS
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Self-citationWASP-43b: the closest-orbiting hot Jupiter
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Self-citationA reflective, metal-rich atmosphere for GJ 1214b from its JWST phase curve
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THE RADIUS DISTRIBUTION OF PLANETS AROUND COOL STARS
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Exoplanet Biosignatures: Observational Prospects
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Habitability and Biosignatures of Hycean Worlds
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The extreme physical properties of the CoRoT-7b super-Earth
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ACCESS I. AN OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF GJ 1214b REVEALS A HETEROGENEOUS STELLAR PHOTOSPHERE
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HABITABLE CLIMATES: THE INFLUENCE OF ECCENTRICITY
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- Authors
- Charbonneau, D., Berta, Z. K., Irwin, J., Burke, C. J., Nutzman, P., Buchhave, L. A., Lovis, C., Bonfils, X., Latham, D. W., Udry, S., Murray-Clay, R. A., Holman, M. J., Falco, E. E., Winn, J. N., Queloz, D., Pepe, F., Mayor, M., Delfosse, X., & Forveille, T.
- Affiliations
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Charbonneau, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 462
- Issue
- 7275
- Pages
- 891-894
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2127054216
- Cited by
- 797
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 44.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- super-Earths, GJ 1214b, transiting exoplanets, low-mass stars, planetary radius, planetary mass, water-rich planets, hydrogen/helium envelope, planetary composition, planetary atmospheres, M dwarfs, CoRoT-7b, ice giants, Earth analogs, transit timing variations, orbital eccentricity
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