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Local sleep in awake rats
Open accessAbstract
In an awake state, neurons in the cerebral cortex fire irregularly and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings display low-amplitude, high-frequency fluctuations. During sleep, neurons oscillate between 'on' periods, when they fire as in an awake brain, and 'off' periods, when they stop firing altogether and the EEG displays high-amplitude slow waves. However, what happens to neuronal firing after a long period of being awake is not known. Here we show that in freely behaving rats after a long period in an awake state, cortical neurons can go briefly 'offline' as in sleep, accompanied by slow waves in the local EEG. Neurons often go offline in one cortical area but not in another, and during these periods of 'local sleep', the incidence of which increases with the duration of the awake state, rats are active and display an 'awake' EEG. However, they are progressively impaired in a sugar pellet reaching task. Thus, although both the EEG and behaviour indicate wakefulness, local populations of neurons in the cortex may be falling asleep, with negative consequences for performance.
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“However, as distinct qualitative differences between both frequency bands have not been confirmed, the decrease in SWA across sleep appears to be most parsimoniously explained by a decrease in the incidence of high-amplitude slow waves (1267).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1267]
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“in demonstrating that the encoding of information during waking enhances subsequent SWA in specific brain regions, these studies provide compelling evidence that SWA is regulated locally in addition to its global regulation by brain stem and diencephalic structures (672, 859, 975, 1267).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1267]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“these studies provide compelling evidence that SWA is regulated locally in addition to its global regulation by brain stem and diencephalic structures (672, 859, 975, 1267).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1267]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Likewise, the intensity of slow waves in the cortical field potential slowly increases over the active period, in direct relationship to more frequent and longer sleep bouts”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Vyazovskiy et al., 2011
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“In addition to the phenomena described above, the degree of habituation to an experimental situation may also change the prevalence of low frequency rhythms in the cortex”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Vyazovskiy et al., 2011
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“In one recent study, the ability of animals to perform a difficult pellet retrieval task was significantly impaired during the appearance of Off periods in cortical networks, supporting the hypothesis that these sudden, but brief, cessations of cortical activity are detrimental to behaviorally relevant cortical operation (Vyazovskiy et al., 2011)”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Vyazovskiy et al., 2011
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vyazovskiy, V. V., Olcese, U., Hanlon, E. C., Nir, Y., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tononi, Giulio
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 472
- Issue
- 7344
- Pages
- 443-447
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3085007
- OpenAlex
- W2039029351
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 24.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p20mh077967-04, DP1OD000579)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P20MH-077967)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- local sleep, cortical neuronal activity, slow waves, EEG, wakefulness, prolonged wakefulness, sleep-like state, cognitive impairment, rats, sleep-wake transition
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalography, Male, Models, Neurological, Rats, Inbred WKY, Reward, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Wakefulness, Rats
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