The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Natural killer cells act as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells
Open accessAbstract
Antiviral T cells are thought to regulate whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections result in viral control, asymptomatic persistence or severe disease, although the reasons for these different outcomes remain unclear. Recent genetic evidence, however, has indicated a correlation between certain natural killer (NK)-cell receptors and progression of both HIV and HCV infection, implying that NK cells have a role in these T-cell-associated diseases. Although direct NK-cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells may contribute to antiviral defence during some virus infections—especially murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections in mice and perhaps HIV in humans—NK cells have also been suspected of having immunoregulatory functions. For instance, NK cells may indirectly regulate T-cell responses by lysing MCMV-infected antigen-presenting cells. In contrast to MCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice seems to be resistant to any direct antiviral effects of NK cells. Here we examine the roles of NK cells in regulating T-cell-dependent viral persistence and immunopathology in mice infected with LCMV, an established model for HIV and HCV infections in humans. We describe a three-way interaction, whereby activated NK cells cytolytically eliminate activated CD4 T cells that affect CD8 T-cell function and exhaustion. At high virus doses, NK cells prevented fatal pathology while enabling T-cell exhaustion and viral persistence, but at medium doses NK cells paradoxically facilitated lethal T-cell-mediated pathology. Thus, NK cells can act as rheostats, regulating CD4 T-cell-mediated support for the antiviral CD8 T cells that control viral pathogenesis and persistence.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Viral Immune Evasion Due to Persistence of Activated T Cells Without Effector Function
Zajac, A. J., Blattman, J. N., Murali-Krishna, K., Sourdive, D. J. D., Suresh, M., Altman, J. D., & Ahmed, R. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.188.12.2205 · Cited by 1,978
Epistatic interaction between KIR3DS1 and HLA-B delays the progression to AIDS
Martin, M. P., Gao, X., Lee, J.-H., Nelson, G. W., Detels, R., Goedert, J. J., Buchbinder, S., Hoots, K., Vlahov, D., Trowsdale, J., et al. (2002) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng934 · Cited by 1,189
HLA and NK Cell Inhibitory Receptor Genes in Resolving Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Khakoo, S. I., Thio, C. L., Martin, M. P., Brooks, C. R., Gao, X., Astemborski, J., Cheng, J., Goedert, J. J., Vlahov, D., Hilgartner, M., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097670 · Cited by 1,179
CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection
Matloubian, M., Concepcion, R. J., & Ahmed, R. (1994) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.68.12.8056-8063.1994 · Cited by 1,157
Ahmed, R., Salmi, A., Butler, L. D., Chiller, J. M., & Oldstone, M. B. (1984) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.160.2.521 · Cited by 792
IL-21 Is Required to Control Chronic Viral Infection
Elsaesser, H., Sauer, K., & Brooks, D. G. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1174182 · Cited by 554
A Vital Role for Interleukin-21 in the Control of a Chronic Viral Infection
Yi, J. S., Du, M., & Zajac, A. J. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1175194 · Cited by 504
IL-21R on T Cells Is Critical for Sustained Functionality and Control of Chronic Viral Infection
Fröhlich, A., Kisielow, J., Schmitz, I., Freigang, S., Shamshiev, A. T., Weber, J., Marsland, B. J., Oxenius, A., & Kopf, M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1172815 · Cited by 450
Natural killer cell depletion enhances virus synthesis and virus-induced hepatitis in vivo.
Bukowski, J. F., Woda, B. A., Habu, S., Okumura, K., & Welsh, R. M. (1983) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.131.3.1531 · Cited by 394
Self-citationHIV-1 adaptation to NK-cell-mediated immune pressure
Alter, G., Heckerman, D., Schneidewind, A., Fadda, L., Kadie, C. M., Carlson, J. M., Oniangue-Ndza, C., Martin, M., Li, B., Khakoo, S. I., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10237 · Cited by 347
Cited by
Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion
Wherry, E. J., & Kurachi, M. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3862 · Cited by 4,652
Targeting natural killer cells and natural killer T cells in cancer
Vivier, E., Ugolini, S., Blaise, D., Chabannon, C., & Brossay, L. (2012) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3174 · Cited by 850
Schlums, H., Cichocki, F., Tesi, B., Theorell, J., Beziat, V., Holmes, T. D., Han, H., Chiang, S. C. C., Foley, B., Mattsson, K., et al. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.008 · Cited by 787
Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity
Björkström, N. K., Strunz, B., & Ljunggren, H.-G. (2022) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00558-3 · Cited by 503
NK cells link obesity-induced adipose stress to inflammation and insulin resistance
Wensveen, F. M., Jelenčić, V., Valentić, S., Šestan, M., Wensveen, T. T., Theurich, S., Glasner, A., Mendrila, D., Štimac, D., Wunderlich, F. T., et al. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3120 · Cited by 477
Metadata
- Authors
- Waggoner, S. N., Cornberg, M., Selin, L. K., & Welsh, R. M.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2011-11-20
- Volume
- 481
- Issue
- 7381
- Pages
- 394-398
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1986696487
- Cited by
- 607
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 17.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Natural killer cells act as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nature10624
- The paper
- Waggoner, S. N., Cornberg, M., Selin, L. K., & Welsh, R. M. (2012). Natural killer cells act as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10624
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
