The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Restoration of grasp following paralysis through brain-controlled stimulation of muscles
Open accessAbstract
Patients with spinal cord injury lack the connections between brain and spinal cord circuits that are essential for voluntary movement. Clinical systems that achieve muscle contraction through functional electrical stimulation (FES) have proven to be effective in allowing patients with tetraplegia to regain control of hand movements and to achieve a greater measure of independence in daily activities. In existing clinical systems, the patient uses residual proximal limb movements to trigger pre-programmed stimulation that causes the paralysed muscles to contract, allowing use of one or two basic grasps. Instead, we have developed an FES system in primates that is controlled by recordings made from microelectrodes permanently implanted in the brain. We simulated some of the effects of the paralysis caused by C5 or C6 spinal cord injury by injecting rhesus monkeys with a local anaesthetic to block the median and ulnar nerves at the elbow. Then, using recordings from approximately 100 neurons in the motor cortex, we predicted the intended activity of several of the paralysed muscles, and used these predictions to control the intensity of stimulation of the same muscles. This process essentially bypassed the spinal cord, restoring to the monkeys voluntary control of their paralysed muscles. This achievement is a major advance towards similar restoration of hand function in human patients through brain-controlled FES. We anticipate that in human patients, this neuroprosthesis would allow much more flexible and dexterous use of the hand than is possible with existing FES systems.
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“CNS-based neuroprostheses, or brain–machine interfaces (BMIs), are systems whereby neural electrical activities are decoded and used to control robotic limbs [76, 89, 105] or to stimulate muscles for restoring limb function [35].”
From Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers (2016) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Currently, all reported BMI experiments with human patients [26, 35, 57, 58, 150] require the subjects tethered percutaneously to a bench-top computer for neural signal acquisition and decoding.”
From Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers (2016) · cites this paper as [35]
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Cites
Targeting Recovery: Priorities of the Spinal Cord-Injured Population
Anderson, K. D. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1371 · Cited by 2,094
McDonald, J. W., & Sadowsky, C. L. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07603-1 · Cited by 1,858
Learning to control a brain–machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates
Carmena, J. M., Lebedev, M. A., Crist, R. E., O'Doherty, J. E., Santucci, D. M., Dimitrov, D. F., Patil, P. G., Henriquez, C. S., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2003) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000042 · Cited by 1,761
Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement.
Evarts, E. V. (1968) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1968.31.1.14 · Cited by 1,258
Direct control of paralysed muscles by cortical neurons
Moritz, C. T., Perlmutter, S. I., & Fetz, E. E. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07418 · Cited by 610
Spasticity after spinal cord injury
Adams, M. M., & Hicks, A. L. (2005) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101757 · Cited by 517
Motor and sensory recovery following incomplete tetraplegia
Waters, R. L., Adkins, R. H., Yakura, J. S., & Sie, I. H. (1994) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/0003-9993(94)90034-5 · Cited by 438
Predicting Measures of Motor Performance from Multiple Cortical Spike Trains
Humphrey, D. R., Schmidt, E. M., & Thompson, W. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.170.3959.758 · Cited by 372
Peckham, P. H., Keith, M. W., Kilgore, K. L., Grill, J. H., Wuolle, K. S., Thrope, G. B., Gorman, P., Hobby, J., Mulcahey, M. J., Carroll, S., et al. (2001) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.25910 · Cited by 319
Implantable functional neuromuscular stimulation in the tetraplegic hand
Keith, M. W., Peckham, P. H., Thrope, G. B., Stroh, K. C., Smith, B., Buckett, J. R., Kilgore, K. L., & Jatich, J. W. (1989) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(89)80017-6 · Cited by 212
Cited by
Sorted by citations
High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia
Collinger, J. L., Wodlinger, B., Downey, J. E., Wang, W., Tyler-Kabara, E. C., Weber, D. J., McMorland, A. J., Velliste, M., Boninger, M. L., & Schwartz, A. B. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61816-9 · Cited by 1,848
Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia
Bouton, C. E., Shaikhouni, A., Annetta, N. V., Bockbrader, M. A., Friedenberg, D. A., Nielson, D. M., Sharma, G., Sederberg, P. B., Glenn, B. C., Mysiw, W. J., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17435 · Cited by 924
Ajiboye, A. B., Willett, F. R., Young, D. R., Memberg, W. D., Murphy, B. A., Miller, J. P., Walter, B. L., Sweet, J. A., Hoyen, H. A., Keith, M. W., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30601-3 · Cited by 862
Neural Manifolds for the Control of Movement
Gallego, J. Á., Perich, M. G., Miller, L. E., & Solla, S. A. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.025 · Cited by 676
Self-citationBrain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation
Lebedev, M., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00027.2016 · Cited by 695
Metadata
- Authors
- Ethier, C., Oby, E. R., Bauman, M. J., & Miller, L. E.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, L. E.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2012-04-18
- Volume
- 485
- Issue
- 7398
- Pages
- 368-371
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3358575
- OpenAlex
- W1988067967
- Cited by
- 485
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 20.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS053603, F31NS071737, #NS053603)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- brain-computer interface, functional electrical stimulation, paralysis, spinal cord injury, motor cortex, neural prostheses, hand grasping, rhesus monkeys, tetraplegia, hand function recovery, prosthetic hand control
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Hand, Macaca mulatta, Microelectrodes, Motor Cortex, Movement, Muscles, Nerve Block, Paralysis, Quadriplegia, Spinal Cord Injuries, Hand Strength, Prostheses and Implants
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