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Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration
Open accessAbstract
Oligodendroglia support axon survival and function through mechanisms independent of myelination, and their dysfunction leads to axon degeneration in several diseases. The cause of this degeneration has not been determined, but lack of energy metabolites such as glucose or lactate has been proposed. Lactate is transported exclusively by monocarboxylate transporters, and changes to these transporters alter lactate production and use. Here we show that the most abundant lactate transporter in the central nervous system, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1, also known as SLC16A1), is highly enriched within oligodendroglia and that disruption of this transporter produces axon damage and neuron loss in animal and cell culture models. In addition, this same transporter is reduced in patients with, and in mouse models of, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, suggesting a role for oligodendroglial MCT1 in pathogenesis. The role of oligodendroglia in axon function and neuron survival has been elusive; this study defines a new fundamental mechanism by which oligodendroglia support neurons and axons.
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“Remyelination is a crucial regenerative process in demyelinating diseases, limiting persisting damage to the CNS. It restores saltatory nerve conduction and ensures trophic support of axons.”
From BCAS1-positive oligodendrocytes enable efficient cortical remyelination in multiple sclerosis (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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“It is finally in agreement with axonal degeneration observed in mice lacking the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 in oligodendrocytes lineage cells (Lee et al., 2012;Philips et al., 2021).”
From Downregulated expression of lactate dehydrogenase in adult oligodendrocytes and its implication for the transfer of glycolysis products to axons (2024) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This led to a working model of glycolytic oligodendrocytes providing direct metabolic support to axons via non-compacted cytoplasmic channels in myelin and monocarboxylate transporters, which preserves functional integrity and axon survival (Amaral et al., 2013;Fünfschilling et al., 2012;Lee et al., 2012).”
From Downregulated expression of lactate dehydrogenase in adult oligodendrocytes and its implication for the transfer of glycolysis products to axons (2024) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2012
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“As oligodendrocytes support axonal energy metabolism and neuronal health4–7, we hypothesized that loss of myelin integrity could be an upstream risk factor for neuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, the central neuropathological hallmark of AD.”
From Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer’s disease (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Pyruvate and lactate can shuttle between glial cells and axons via monocarboxylate transporters.”
From Downregulated expression of lactate dehydrogenase in adult oligodendrocytes and its implication for the transfer of glycolysis products to axons (2024) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2012
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“This opens the possibility that glycolytic oligodendrocytes, which are suggested to support electrically active axons with an excess of glycolysis products (Fünfschilling et al., 2012;Lee et al., 2012;Saab et al., 2016;Trevisiol et al., 2017) do so primarily by self-made pyruvate.”
From Downregulated expression of lactate dehydrogenase in adult oligodendrocytes and its implication for the transfer of glycolysis products to axons (2024) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“an essential lactate transporter in the CNS whose expression is regulated by autophagy [458].”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [458]
In the citing paper
“and lower levels of SLC16A1/MCT1 (solute carrier family 16 member 1), an essential lactate transporter in the CNS whose expression is regulated by autophagy [458].”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [458]
In the citing paper
“blocking neuronal oxidative utilization of lactate affects neuronal survival and even memory formation (Suzuki et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2012).”
From Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation from aerobic glycolysis to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation (2016) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2012
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“This confirms that axons readily use lactate for ATP generation”
From Oligodendroglial NMDA receptors regulate glucose import and axonal energy metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2012
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- Rinholm, J. E. et al. Regulation of oligodendrocyte development and myelination by glucose and lactate. J. Neurosci. 31, 538–548 (2011) · DOI · Paper page
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“…and oligodendrocytes can transport lactate into the extracellular matrix via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs); they have also found that extracellular lactate can either enter neurons via MCT2 or by directly binding to the lactate receptor (Lee et al., 2012; Magistretti and Allaman, 2018).”
BackgroundTurner, M. P., Hubbard, N. A., Sivakolundu, D. K., Himes, L. M., Hutchison, J. L., Hart, J., Spence, J. S., Frohman, E. M., Frohman, T. C., Okuda, D. T., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.081 · Cited by 23
“Several studies have provided evidence for the appropriateness of gamma functions (e.g., Friston et al., 1998; Maus et al., 2012; cf. Lindquist and Wager, 2007; Lindquist et al., 2009).”
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Andrés‐Benito, P., Domínguez-González, M., & Ferrer, I. (2018) · Prion · doi:10.1080/19336896.2018.1500076 · Cited by 20
“of MCT1 in organotypic cultures of the spinal cord in glucose-deprived media is toxic to neurons; the effects on neurons are reversed with the addition of lactate into the medium [29]; moreover, reduction of MCT1”
BackgroundAppikatla, S., Bessert, D. A., Lee, I., Hüttemann, M., Mullins, C. M., Somayajulu‐Nitu, M., Yao, F., & Skoff, R. P. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22591 · Cited by 21
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“In the nervous system, glial cells actively uptake glycose, produce the energic substrates via glycolysis, for example, the lactate, and then provide the energy supply for the neuron and the axons through a coupling mechanism [53, 54].”
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“Lactate release mediated by oligodendricytic MCT1 was shown to be critical for maintenance of axonal functions [15].”
BackgroundRevisiting lactate dynamics in cancer—a metabolic expertise or an alternative attempt to survive?
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“was found to be embryonically lethal due to neuronal defects [249].”
BackgroundPOLR3-Related Leukodystrophy: Exploring Potential Therapeutic Approaches
Perrier, S., Michell‐Robinson, M. A., & Bernard, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.631802 · Cited by 23
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: One Lactate to Rule Them All
Nicola, R., & Okun, E. (2021) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-021-08658-y · Cited by 21
“MCT1 deficiency induces myelination-independent axonal degeneration, an effect that can be rescued by exogenous lactate supplementation (Lee et al. 2012) (Fig.”
BackgroundMicheva, K. D., Király, M., Perez, M. M., & Madison, D. V. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0871-21.2021 · Cited by 23
Endocannabinoid signaling in oligodendroglia
Molina‐Holgado, E., Esteban, P. F., Arévalo‐Martín, Á., Moreno‐Luna, R., Molina‐Holgado, F., & García‐Ovejero, D. (2022) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24180 · Cited by 20
“energy substrates such as lactate (Fünfschilling et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012): reviewed in Nave (2010).”
BackgroundMarangon, D., Audano, M., Pedretti, S., Fumagalli, M., Mitro, N., Lecca, D., Caruso, D., & Abbracchio, M. P. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11152369 · Cited by 20
“The ability of OLs to import lactate or release it extracellularly is mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), responsible for the passive transport of lactate and hydrogen towards the cytoplasm or the extracellular environment in response to its concentrations in the two compartments [47,52].”
BackgroundRossi, G., Ordazzo, G., Vanni, N. N., Castoldi, V., Iannielli, A., Silvestre, D. D., Bellini, E. N., Bernardo, L., Giannelli, S. G., Luoni, M., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.81779 · Cited by 19
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“Remyelination insulates axons from a hostile microenvironment and restores their conductive properties and metabolic interaction with oligodendrocytes [22 – 24].”
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“2012), which inevitably confer unique metabolic demands on each fibre sub-type, based principally upon the consequences of ion channel distribution (Ritchie, 1995), and the emerging metabolic roles purported for myelinating cells (Lee et al. 2012; Morrison et al. 2015).”
BackgroundGuo, D., Hu, H., & Pan, S. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109522 · Cited by 20
Huang, Y., Song, Y. J., Isaac, M., Miretzky, S., Patel, A., McAuliffe, W. G., & Dreyfus, C. F. (2020) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/1759091420957464 · Cited by 19
“…(OLGs) are critical for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), with the responsibility of synthesizing myelin sheaths that allow for the rapid conductance of nerve signals and metabolic support (e.g., Waxman and Foster, 1980; Lee et al., 2012; Ronzano et al., 2020).”
BackgroundImpact of Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins in α-Synuclein-Induced Mitochondrial Injury in Synucleinopathy
Cheng, A., Jia, W., Kawahata, K., & Fukunaga, K. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050560 · Cited by 19
“Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are characterized by the progressive deterioration of neurons, followed by degeneration of the structure and function of axons, dendrites, and synapses, and finally leading to neuronal death [1] or dysfunction of myelination [2].”
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“This was attributed to the tight structural and metabolic interactions within the axon-myelin unit (Fünfschilling et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012; Stadelmann, Timmler, Barrantes-Freer, & Simons, 2019).”
BackgroundHoriuchi, M., Watanabe, S., Komine, O., Takahashi, E., Kaneko, K., Itohara, S., Shimada, M., Ogi, T., & Yamanaka, K. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01893-x · Cited by 22
“Oligodendrocytes, which produce myelin to enable saltatory conduction and provide metabolic support to axons [34], are critical for maintaining neuronal function.”
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Bioenergetic Impairment in the Neuro-Glia-Vascular Unit: An Emerging Physiopathology during Aging
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“In addition, MCT1-knockout oligodendrocytes in transgenic mice have decreased metabolism and axonopathy [121].”
BackgroundSleep Disturbance and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Glial Connection
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Dysfunction of the oligodendrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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“Oligodendrocytes express monocarboxylate transporter 1 (Lee et al., 2012), which enables lactate uptake from the extracellular space, and its loss in oligodendrocytes causes axonal degeneration without signi fi cant demyelination or oligodendrocyte damage (Lee et al., 2012; Philips et al., 2021).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, Y., Morrison, B. M., Li, Y., Lengacher, S., Farah, M. H., Hoffman, P. N., Liu, Y., Tsingalia, A., Jin, L., Zhang, P.-W., Pellerin, L., Magistretti, P. J., & Rothstein, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Rothstein, Jeffrey D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 487
- Issue
- 7408
- Pages
- 443-448
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3408792
- OpenAlex
- W2038811384
- Cited by
- 1,664
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 72.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Muscular Dystrophy Association
- Johns Hopkins University
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (31003A, 108336, 125063)
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG005146, P50AG05146)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS016375, NS 33958, P01 NS16375, R01NS033958)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- oligodendroglia, MCT1, lactate transport, axonal degeneration, neurodegeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, oligodendrocytes, neuronal loss, lactate export
- MeSH terms
- Superoxide Dismutase-1, Monocarboxylate Transport Protein 1, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Animals, Axons, Cell Line, Cell Survival, Disease Models, Animal, Heterozygote, Humans, Mice, Transgenic, Motor Neurons, Myelin Sheath, Nerve Degeneration, Oligodendroglia, Superoxide Dismutase, Down-Regulation, Lactic Acid, Protein Transport, Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters, Symporters, RNA, Small Interfering, Mice
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