Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization.
Open accessAbstract
Glutamate, released at a majority of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system, depolarizes neurons by acting at specific receptors. Its action is terminated by removal from the synaptic cleft mostly via Na(+)-dependent uptake systems located on both neurons and astrocytes. Here we report that glutamate, in addition to its receptor-mediated actions on neuronal excitability, stimulates glycolysis--i.e., glucose utilization and lactate production--in astrocytes. This metabolic action is mediated by activation of a Na(+)-dependent uptake system and not by interaction with receptors. The mechanism involves the Na+/K(+)-ATPase, which is activated by an increase in the intracellular concentration of Na+ cotransported with glutamate by the electrogenic uptake system. Thus, when glutamate is released from active synapses and taken up by astrocytes, the newly identified signaling pathway described here would provide a simple and direct mechanism to tightly couple neuronal activity to glucose utilization. In addition, glutamate-stimulated glycolysis is consistent with data obtained from functional brain imaging studies indicating local nonoxidative glucose utilization during physiological activation.
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Lactate taken up by neurons is reconverted into pyruvate and utilized by mitochondria to generate ATP.
“Lactate taken up by neurons is reconverted into pyruvate and ultimately utilized by mitochondria to generate ATP.”
From Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Lactate produced in astrocytes can be released into extracellular space via MCTs and taken up by neurons through neuronal MCTs (ANLS).
“Lactate produced in astrocytes can be released into the extracellular space via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). This lactate is subsequently taken up by neurons through neuronal MCTs, a process known as the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS)12,13.”
From Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Oligodendrocytes may be distinguished from astrocytes, which express LDH and reportedly use a lactate shuttle to directly support synaptic energy metabolism in cortical gray matter.
“This may distinguish oligodendrocytes from astrocytes that express LDH and reportedly use a”
From Downregulated expression of lactate dehydrogenase in adult oligodendrocytes and its implication for the transfer of glycolysis products to axons (2024) · cites this paper as Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994
The calculation of average metabolic cost per neuron as total metabolic cost of a structure divided by its number of neurons is justified by the finding that neurons and astrocytes are metabolically coupled.
“the calculation of the average metabolic cost per neuron defined here as the total metabolic cost of a structure divided by its number of neurons is justified by the finding that neurons and astrocytes are metabolically coupled [30].”
From Scaling of Brain Metabolism with a Fixed Energy Budget per Neuron: Implications for Neuronal Activity, Plasticity and Evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [30]
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“(C) In MONs bathed in 400 lM isofagomine, an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, the CAP fell below baseline during 100 Hz firing (}), whereas in control MONs the CAP was maintained above baseline levels (h).”
MethodRegulation of retinal blood flow in health and disease
Pournaras, C. J., Rungger‐Brändle, E., Riva, C. E., Hardarson, S. H., & Stefánsson, E. (2008) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.02.002 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
“Glutamate transport triggers aerobic glycolysis, utilization of glucose, and lactate production in the glial cells (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Tsacopoulos and Magistretti, 1996).”
BackgroundCoupling Mechanism and Significance of the BOLD Signal: A Status Report
Hillman, E. M. C. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014111 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
“One model that fits with this view is the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (Pellerin et al. 2007, Pellerin & Magistretti 1994), which posits that astrocytes undergo anaerobic glycolysis in response to elevated glutamate levels, preserving local oxygen supplies for neuronal use, while supplying…”
BackgroundSan-Millán, I., & Brooks, G. A. (2016) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgw127 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
“The brain also oxidizes lactate (140) and the Astrocyte–Neuron Lactate Shuttle has also been proposed wherein astrocytes produce lactate that is oxidized by neurons (141).”
BackgroundVascular Actions of Estrogens: Functional Implications
Miller, V. M., & DUCKLES, S. P. (2008) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.107.08002 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
“Astrocytes also provide metabolic support for neurons, using energy substrates supplied by the microvessels (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
BackgroundEnergetic basis of brain activity: implications for neuroimaging
Shulman, R. G., Rothman, D. L., Behar, K. L., & Hyder, F. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.005 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Hertz, L., Peng, L., & Dienel, G. A. (2007) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600343 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
“…that during activation pyruvate/lactate production in astrocytes is probably higher than in neurons, consistent with the part of the hypothesis by Pellerin and Magistretti (1994) suggesting that brain activation increases glycolytic metabolism in astrocytes and with the demonstration by…”
BackgroundResultRoh, J. H., Huang, Y., Bero, A. W., Kasten, T., Stewart, F. R., Bateman, R. J., & Holtzman, D. M. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004291 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
In vivo evidence for a lactate gradient from astrocytes to neurons
Mächler, P., Wyss, M. T., Elsayed, M., Stobart, J., Gutierrez, R., von Faber-Castell, A., Kaelin, V., Zuend, M., San Martín, A., Romero-Gómez, I., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.010 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
The Regulation and Function of Lactate Dehydrogenase A: Therapeutic Potential in Brain Tumor
Valvona, C. J., Fillmore, H. L., Nunn, P. B., & Pilkington, G. J. (2015) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12299 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
“Aerobic glycolysis provides astrocytes with the high energy requirements of the membrane bound Na+/K+ATPase pump, at the cell surface, to take up glutamate from the synapse (98).”
BackgroundAstrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation shapes brain activity
Bonvento, G., & Bolaños, J. P. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.07.006 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Schobel, S. A., Chaudhury, N. H., Khan, U. A., Paniagua, B., Styner, M. A., Asllani, I., Inbar, B. P., Corcoran, C. M., Lieberman, J. A., Moore, H., et al. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.011 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Glial cells in (patho)physiology
Parpura, V., Heneka, M. T., Montana, V., Oliet, S. H. R., Schousboe, A., Haydon, P. G., Stout, R. F., Spray, D. C., Reichenbach, A., Pannicke, T., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07664.x · Cited by 561 · see citing works
The role of mitochondria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Smith, E. F., Shaw, P. J., & Vos, K. J. D. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.052 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Liu, L., MacKenzie, K. R., Putluri, N., Maletić-Savatić, M., & Bellen, H. J. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.024 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
“Along these lines, the Astrocyte Neuron Lactate Shuttle (ANLS) Hypothesis (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) was shown to play a role of nervous system homeostasis in Drosophila (Volkenhoff et al., 2015) and mice (Funfschilling et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012; Machler et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethylglyoxal, the dark side of glycolysis
Allaman, I., Bélanger, M., & Magistretti, P. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00023 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
“REVIEW ARTICLE published: 09 February 2015 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00023 Methylglyoxal, the dark side of glycolysis”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKraft, A. D., Johnson, D. A., & Johnson, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3817-03.2004 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
“In addition, pyruvate can be further metabolized to lactate, the preferred energy substrate for neurons that helps to maintain synaptic transmission (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Pellerin et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialLactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis
James, J. H., Luchette, F. A., McCarter, F. D., & Fischer, J. E. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)91132-1 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Pucino, V., Certo, M., Bulusu, V., Cucchi, D., Goldmann, K., Pontarini, E., Haas, R., Smith, J., Headland, S. E., Blighe, K., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.004 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Vannucci, R. C. (2000) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-2000-9293 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Blood lactate is an important energy source for the human brain.
van Hall, G., Stømstad, M., Rasmussen, P., Jans, Ø., Zaar, M., Gam, C., Quistorff, B., Secher, N. H., & Nielsen, H. B. (2009) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.35 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
“In cell cultures, neurons metabolize lactate that has been suggested to originate from astrocytic glycolysis, i.e., the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
BackgroundWang, D. D., & Bordey, A. (2008) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.015 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
“coupling between neuronal activation and glucose utilization was proposed, a model known as the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis (ANLSH) (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialImaging cytosolic NADH-NAD(+) redox state with a genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor
Hung, Y. P., Albeck, J. G., Tantama, M., & Yellen, G. (2011) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.012 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
“Primary Cultured Cortical Astrocytes and Neurons Differ in Their Cytosolic NADH-NAD Redox States Glucose metabolism has been proposed to differ in astrocytes and neurons (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Herrero-Mendez et al., 2009).”
Lactate promotes plasticity gene expression by potentiating NMDA signaling in neurons
Yang, J., Ruchti, E., Petit, J.-M., Jourdain, P., Grenningloh, G., Allaman, I., & Magistretti, P. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1322912111 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
“Control of L-lactate metabolism in astrocytes as operated by both glutamate- and potassium-mediated glycolysis (28, 31) and by monoamine-mediated glycogenolysis (33) is likely to add another level of regulation of NMDA activity in general and NMDARmediated synaptic plasticity processes in particular.”
BackgroundThe Transcriptome and Metabolic Gene Signature of Protoplasmic Astrocytes in the Adult Murine Cortex
Lovatt, D., Sonnewald, U., Waagepetersen, H. S., Schousboe, A., He, W., Lin, J. H.-C., Han, X., Takano, T., Wang, S., Sim, F. J., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3404-07.2007 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
“This direct observation speaks to a number of inferential reports to the contrary, which have suggested that astrocytic metabolism is either predominantly (Schurr, 2006) or exclusively (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Sibson et al., 1998; Magistretti et al., 1999; Attwell and Laughlin, 2001) glycolytic.”
BackgroundResting state functional connectivity in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
Sheline, Y. I., & Raichle, M. E. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.028 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
“First, it is critical for glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft into astrocytes(83) by providing ATP to Na/K ATPase, and failure to do so can be damaging through excitotoxic effects of excessive glutamate(84).”
BackgroundThe selfish brain: Competition for energy resources
Peters, A., Schweiger, U., Pellerin, L., Hubold, C., Oltmanns, K. M., Conrad, M., Schultes, B., Born, J., & Fehm, H. L. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.002 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citationAerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression
Goyal, M. S., Hawrylycz, M., Miller, J. A., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.020 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Brain lactate metabolism: the discoveries and the controversies
Dienel, G. A. (2012) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.175 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
“…utilizationa Metabolite oxidation (substrate)a Reference Forebrain, cerebral cortical, or striatal astrocytes 10–500 +15 to +180 +40 to +55 Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Takahashi et al, 1995; Debernardi et al, 1999; Chatton et al, 2003 10–1,000 +7 to 60 0 to 27 0 to 60 25 to 75…”
BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease and monogenic parkinsonism
Hauser, D. N., & Hastings, T. G. (2012) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.011 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
“Neurons are thought to rely more on astrocyte derived lactate as substrates for oxidative phosphorylation, but they continue to be dependent on mitochondrial function for survival (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Wyss et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLactate Produced by Glycogenolysis in Astrocytes Regulates Memory Processing
Newman, L. A., Korol, D. L., & Gold, P. E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028427 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
“Thus, astrocytic storage of glycogen provides a supplemental energy reserve available to neurons when demand is high [28,29,30,31,32].”
BackgroundLópez-Fabuel, I., Douce, J. L., Logan, A., James, A. M., Bonvento, G., Murphy, M. P., Almeida, Á., & Bolaños, J. P. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1613701113 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake
Díaz-García, C. M., Mongeon, R., Lahmann, C., Koveal, D., Zucker, H., & Yellen, G. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.021 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Stress and depression: possible links to neuron death in the hippocampus
Lee, A. L., Ogle, W. O., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2002) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01144.x · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Shen, J., Petersen, K. F., Behar, K. L., Brown, P., Nixon, T. W., Mason, G. F., Petroff, O. A. C., Shulman, G. I., Shulman, R. G., & Rothman, D. L. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.14.8235 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Turco, E., Parkins, N., Ershov, A. V., & Bazan, N. G. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19990815)57:4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hall, C. N., Klein-Flugge, M. C., Howarth, C., & Attwell, D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0026-12.2012 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“When active neurons release glutamate it is taken up into astrocytes, which are proposed to use glycolytically derived ATP to power this uptake and the subsequent conversion of glutamate to glutamine, thus producing lactate which is exported to neurons as a substrate for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Peller…”
BackgroundElusive roles for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases
Ben Haim, L., Carrillo-de Sauvage, M.-A., Ceyzériat, K., & Escartin, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00278 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
“It also contributes to synapse formation and neuronal activity; therefore, defects in cholesterol homeostasis may have severe consequences on brain function (Pfrieger and Ungerer, 2011).”
BackgroundA neuron–glia signalling network in the active brain
Bezzi, P., & Volterra, A. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00223-3 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding
Ferguson, B. S., Rogatzki, M. J., Goodwin, M. L., Kane, D. A., Rightmire, Z. B., & Gladden, L. B. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“In contrast, the ANLS hypothesis describes a supportive metabolic milieu in which stimulated neurons release glutamate as an excitatory neurotransmitter (Pellerin and Magistretti 1994, 2003; Pellerin 2003; Bélanger et al. 2011).”
BackgroundIn Vivo Evidence for Lactate as a Neuronal Energy Source
Wyss, M. T., Jolivet, R., Buck, A., Magistretti, P. J., & Weber, B. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0415-11.2011 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
“Furthermore, astrocytic production of lactate, which serves as an energy pool for neurons, was proposed (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994), but neuronal lactate use has still to be demonstrated in situ.”
BackgroundThe restless brain: How intrinsic activity organizes brain function
Raichle, M. E. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0172 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Enzyme-Based Biosensors for in Vivo Measurements
Wilson, G. S., & Hu, Y. (2000) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr990003y · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Role of Monocarboxylate Transporters in Drug Delivery to the Brain
Vijay, N., & Morris, M. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990462 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“Exposure to glutamate has been shown to stimulate glucose utilization and the release of lactate by astrocytes [69].”
BackgroundMartinez-Outschoorn, U. E., Lisanti, M. P., & Sotgia, F. (2014) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.005 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Selective distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in neurons and astrocytes of human brain
Bittar, P. G., Charnay, Y., Pellerin, L., Bouras, C., & Magistretti, P. J. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199611000-00001 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Energy and Oxygen Metabolism: Emerging Role in Normal Function and Disease
Watts, M. E., Pocock, R., & Claudianos, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00216 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Lactate released by Muller glial cells is metabolized by photoreceptors from mammalian retina
Poitry‐Yamate, C. L., Poitry, S., & Tsacopoulos, M. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-07-05179.1995 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
“Recent evidence additionally points to the possibility of a cellular compartmentation of lactate metabolism and its trafficking from astroglia to neurones (Dringen et al., 1993; McKenna et al., 1993; Wiesinger et al., 1993; Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
BackgroundNeuronal-glial glucose oxidation and glutamatergic-GABAergic function.
Hyder, F., Patel, A. B., Gjedde, A., Rothman, D. L., Behar, K. L., & Shulman, R. G. (2006) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600263 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“Studies of glial cultures (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) showed that glial glutamate uptake (Flott and Seifert, 1991) cotransported with Na + (Kimelberg et al, 1989) stimulated glial glycolysis and lactate production (Ercinska and Silver, 1987).”
BackgroundCaspase‐3 Mediated Neuronal Death After Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
Clark, R. S. B., Kochanek, P. M., Watkins, S. C., Chen, M., Dixon, C. E., Seidberg, N. A., Melick, J. A., Loeffert, J. E., Nathaniel, P. D., Jin, K. L., et al. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740740.x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Monocarboxylate transporters in the brain and in cancer
Pérez‐Escuredo, J., Hée, V. F. V., Sboarina, M., Falces, J., Payen, V. L., Pellerin, L., & Sonveaux, P. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.013 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolism and the Control of Circadian Rhythms
Rutter, J. P., Reick, M., & McKnight, S. L. (2002) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.090501.142857 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pellerin, L., & Magistretti, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1994-10-25
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 10625-10629
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC45074
- OpenAlex
- W2092635505
- Cited by
- 2,927
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 147 · 2021: 168 · 2020: 122 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 126 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 88
- FWCI
- 10.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- glutamate uptake, astrocytes, aerobic glycolysis, Na+/K+-ATPase, neuronal activity, glucose utilization, lactic acid production, nonoxidative glucose metabolism, astrocyte-neuron interaction
- MeSH terms
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase, Aerobiosis, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Astrocytes, Biological Transport, Brain, Cells, Cultured, Cerebral Cortex, Deoxyglucose, Glycolysis, Lactates, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Radionuclide Imaging, Tritium, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Glutamic Acid, Mice
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