Cited by 538Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationChromosomal and Genetic Variations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Enhancer loops appear stable during development and are associated with paused polymerase

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Abstract

Developmental enhancers initiate transcription and are fundamental to our understanding of developmental networks, evolution and disease. Despite their importance, the properties governing enhancer-promoter interactions and their dynamics during embryogenesis remain unclear. At the β-globin locus, enhancer-promoter interactions appear dynamic and cell-type specific, whereas at the HoxD locus they are stable and ubiquitous, being present in tissues where the target genes are not expressed. The extent to which preformed enhancer-promoter conformations exist at other, more typical, loci and how transcription is eventually triggered is unclear. Here we generated a high-resolution map of enhancer three-dimensional contacts during Drosophila embryogenesis, covering two developmental stages and tissue contexts, at unprecedented resolution. Although local regulatory interactions are common, long-range interactions are highly prevalent within the compact Drosophila genome. Each enhancer contacts multiple enhancers, and promoters with similar expression, suggesting a role in their co-regulation. Notably, most interactions appear unchanged between tissue context and across development, arising before gene activation, and are frequently associated with paused RNA polymerase. Our results indicate that the general topology governing enhancer contacts is conserved from flies to humans and suggest that transcription initiates from preformed enhancer-promoter loops through release of paused polymerase.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nature13417

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  1. Bonn, S. et al. Tissue-specific analysis of chromatin state identifies temporal signatures of enhancer activity during embryonic development. Nature Genet. 44, 148–156 (2012) · DOI · Paper page

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Metadata

Authors
Ghavi-Helm, Y., Klein, F. A., Pakozdi, T., Ciglar, L., Noordermeer, D., Huber, W., & Furlong, E. E. M.
Affiliations
  • European Molecular Biology Laboratory (DE)
  • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
Corresponding author
Furlong, Eileen E. M.
Venue
Nature
Published
2014-07-02
Volume
512
Issue
7512
Pages
96-100
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
OpenAlex
W2008227324
Cited by
536
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 11
FWCI
23.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
erratum (2016-07-13)
Open access
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Keywords
enhancer-promoter interactions, 3D genome organization, Drosophila embryogenesis, developmental enhancers, cis-regulatory motifs, transcription initiation, chromatin looping, cis-regulatory networks, cis-regulatory evolution
MeSH terms
Animals, Binding Sites, Drosophila melanogaster, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Transcriptional Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Embryonic Development, Genome, Insect, Genetic Loci, Chromosomes, Insect, Transcription Initiation, Genetic

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