Cited by 4,534Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyGenetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and AnimalsGenetics and Physical Performance
The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology
Open accessThe LifeLines Cohort Study, Locke, Adam E., The ADIPOGen Consortium, The AGEN-BMI Working Group, The CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, The CKDGen Consortium, The GLGC, The ICBP, The MAGIC Investigators, The MuTHER Consortium, The MIGen Consortium, The PAGE Consortium, The ReproGen Consortium, The GENIE Consortium, The International Endogene Consortium, Kahali, Bratati, Berndt, Sonja I., Justice, Anne E., Pers, Tune H., Day, Felix R., Powell, Corey, Vedantam, Sailaja, Buchkovich, Martin L., Yang, Jian, Croteau-Chonka, Damien C., Esko, Tonu, Fall, Tove, Ferreira, Teresa, Gustafsson, Stefan, Kutalik, Zoltán, Luan, Jian’an, Mägi, Reedik, Randall, Joshua C., Winkler, Thomas W., Wood, Andrew R., Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie, Faul, Jessica D., Smith, Jennifer A., Hua Zhao, Jing, Zhao, Wei, Chen, Jin, Fehrmann, Rudolf, Hedman, Åsa K., Karjalainen, Juha, Schmidt, Ellen M., Absher, Devin, Amin, Najaf, Anderson, Denise, Beekman, Marian, Bolton, Jennifer L., Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L., Buyske, Steven, Demirkan, Ayse, Deng, Guohong, Ehret, Georg B., Feenstra, Bjarke, Feitosa, Mary F., Fischer, Krista, Goel, Anuj, Gong, Jian, Jackson, Anne U., Kanoni, Stavroula, Kleber, Marcus E., Kristiansson, Kati, Lim, Unhee, Lotay, Vaneet, Mangino, Massimo, Mateo Leach, Irene, Medina-Gomez, Carolina, Medland, Sarah E., Nalls, Michael A., Palmer, Cameron D., Pasko, Dorota, Pechlivanis, Sonali, Peters, Marjolein J., Prokopenko, Inga, Shungin, Dmitry, Stančáková, Alena, Strawbridge, Rona J., Ju Sung, Yun, Tanaka, Toshiko, Teumer, Alexander, Trompet, Stella, van der Laan, Sander W., van Setten, Jessica, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V., Wang, Zhaoming, Yengo, Loïc, Zhang, Weihua, Isaacs, Aaron, Albrecht, Eva, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arscott, Gillian M., Attwood, Antony P., Bandinelli, Stefania, Barrett, Amy, Bas, Isabelita N., Bellis, Claire, Bennett, Amanda J., Berne, Christian, Blagieva, Roza, Blüher, Matthias, Böhringer, Stefan, Bonnycastle, Lori L., Böttcher, Yvonne, Boyd, Heather A., Bruinenberg, Marcel, Caspersen, Ida H., Ida Chen, Yii-Der, Clarke, Robert, Warwick Daw, E., de Craen, Anton J. M., Delgado, Graciela, Dimitriou, Maria, Doney, Alex S. F., Eklund, Niina, Estrada, Karol, Eury, Elodie, Folkersen, Lasse, Fraser, Ross M., Garcia, Melissa E., Geller, Frank, Giedraitis, Vilmantas, Gigante, Bruna, Go, Alan S., Golay, Alain, Goodall, Alison H., Gordon, Scott D., Gorski, Mathias, Grabe, Hans-Jörgen, Grallert, Harald, Grammer, Tanja B., Gräßler, Jürgen, Grönberg, Henrik, Groves, Christopher J., Gusto, Gaëlle, Haessler, Jeffrey, Hall, Per, Haller, Toomas, Hallmans, Goran, Hartman, Catharina A., Hassinen, Maija, Hayward, Caroline, Heard-Costa, Nancy L., Helmer, Quinta, Hengstenberg, Christian, Holmen, Oddgeir, Hottenga, Jouke-Jan, James, Alan L., Jeff, Janina M., Johansson, Åsa, Jolley, Jennifer, Juliusdottir, Thorhildur, Kinnunen, Leena, Koenig, Wolfgang, Koskenvuo, Markku, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Laitinen, Jaana, Lamina, Claudia, Leander, Karin, Lee, Nanette R., Lichtner, Peter, Lind, Lars, Lindström, Jaana, Sin Lo, Ken, Lobbens, Stéphane, Lorbeer, Roberto, Lu, Yingchang, Mach, François, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Mahajan, Anubha, McArdle, Wendy L., McLachlan, Stela, Menni, Cristina, Merger, Sigrun, Mihailov, Evelin, Milani, Lili, Moayyeri, Alireza, Monda, Keri L., Morken, Mario A., Mulas, Antonella, Müller, Gabriele, Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, Musk, Arthur W., Nagaraja, Ramaiah, Nöthen, Markus M., Nolte, Ilja M., Pilz, Stefan, Rayner, Nigel W., Renstrom, Frida, Rettig, Rainer, Ried, Janina S., Ripke, Stephan, Robertson, Neil R., Rose, Lynda M., Sanna, Serena, Scharnagl, Hubert, Scholtens, Salome, Schumacher, Fredrick R., Scott, William R., Seufferlein, Thomas, Shi, Jianxin, Vernon Smith, Albert, Smolonska, Joanna, Stanton, Alice V., Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, Stirrups, Kathleen, Stringham, Heather M., Sundström, Johan, Swertz, Morris A., Swift, Amy J., Syvänen, Ann-Christine, Tan, Sian-Tsung, Tayo, Bamidele O., Thorand, Barbara, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Tyrer, Jonathan P., Uh, Hae-Won, Vandenput, Liesbeth, Verhulst, Frank C., Vermeulen, Sita H., Verweij, Niek, Vonk, Judith M., Waite, Lindsay L., Warren, Helen R., Waterworth, Dawn, Weedon, Michael N., Wilkens, Lynne R., Willenborg, Christina, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojczynski, Mary K., Wong, Andrew, Wright, Alan F., Zhang, Qunyuan, Brennan, Eoin P., Choi, Murim, Dastani, Zari, Drong, Alexander W., Eriksson, Per, Franco-Cereceda, Anders, Gådin, Jesper R., Gharavi, Ali G., Goddard, Michael E., Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Jinyan, Karpe, Fredrik, Kathiresan, Sekar, Keildson, Sarah, Kiryluk, Krzysztof, Kubo, Michiaki, Lee, Jong-Young, Liang, Liming, Lifton, Richard P., Ma, Baoshan, McCarroll, Steven A., McKnight, Amy J., Min, Josine L., Moffatt, Miriam F., Montgomery, Grant W., Murabito, Joanne M., Nicholson, George, Nyholt, Dale R., Okada, Yukinori, Perry, John R. B., Dorajoo, Rajkumar, Reinmaa, Eva, Salem, Rany M., Sandholm, Niina, Scott, Robert A., Stolk, Lisette, Takahashi, Atsushi, Tanaka, Toshihiro, van’t Hooft, Ferdinand M., Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E., Westra, Harm-Jan, Zheng, Wei, Zondervan, Krina T., Heath, Andrew C., Arveiler, Dominique, Bakker, Stephan J. L., Beilby, John, Bergman, Richard N., Blangero, John, Bovet, Pascal, Campbell, Harry, Caulfield, Mark J., Cesana, Giancarlo, Chakravarti, Aravinda, Chasman, Daniel I., Chines, Peter S., Collins, Francis S., Crawford, Dana C., Adrienne Cupples, L., Cusi, Daniele, Danesh, John, de Faire, Ulf, den Ruijter, Hester M., Dominiczak, Anna F., Erbel, Raimund, Erdmann, Jeanette, Eriksson, Johan G., Farrall, Martin, Felix, Stephan B., Ferrannini, Ele, Ferrières, Jean, Ford, Ian, Forouhi, Nita G., Forrester, Terrence, Franco, Oscar H., Gansevoort, Ron T., Gejman, Pablo V., Gieger, Christian, Gottesman, Omri, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Gyllensten, Ulf, Hall, Alistair S., Harris, Tamara B., Hattersley, Andrew T., Hicks, Andrew A., Hindorff, Lucia A., Hingorani, Aroon D., Hofman, Albert, Homuth, Georg, Kees Hovingh, G., Humphries, Steve E., Hunt, Steven C., Hyppönen, Elina, Illig, Thomas, Jacobs, Kevin B., Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jöckel, Karl-Heinz, Johansen, Berit, Jousilahti, Pekka, Wouter Jukema, J., Jula, Antti M., Kaprio, Jaakko, Kastelein, John J. P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M., Kiemeney, Lambertus A., Knekt, Paul, Kooner, Jaspal S., Kooperberg, Charles, Kovacs, Peter, Kraja, Aldi T., Kumari, Meena, Kuusisto, Johanna, Lakka, Timo A., Langenberg, Claudia, Le Marchand, Loic, Lehtimäki, Terho, Lyssenko, Valeriya, Männistö, Satu, Marette, André, Matise, Tara C., McKenzie, Colin A., McKnight, Barbara, Moll, Frans L., Morris, Andrew D., Morris, Andrew P., Murray, Jeffrey C., Nelis, Mari, Ohlsson, Claes, Oldehinkel, Albertine J., Ong, Ken K., Madden, Pamela A. F., Pasterkamp, Gerard, Peden, John F., Peters, Annette, Postma, Dirkje S., Pramstaller, Peter P., Price, Jackie F., Qi, Lu, Raitakari, Olli T., Rankinen, Tuomo, Rao, D. C., Rice, Treva K., Ridker, Paul M., Rioux, John D., Ritchie, Marylyn D., Rudan, Igor, Salomaa, Veikko, Samani, Nilesh J., Saramies, Jouko, Sarzynski, Mark A., Schunkert, Heribert, Schwarz, Peter E. H., Sever, Peter, Shuldiner, Alan R., Sinisalo, Juha, Stolk, Ronald P., Strauch, Konstantin, Tönjes, Anke, Trégouët, David-Alexandre, Tremblay, Angelo, Tremoli, Elena, Virtamo, Jarmo, Vohl, Marie-Claude, Völker, Uwe, Waeber, Gérard, Willemsen, Gonneke, Witteman, Jacqueline C., Carola Zillikens, M., Adair, Linda S., Amouyel, Philippe, Asselbergs, Folkert W., Assimes, Themistocles L., Bochud, Murielle, Boehm, Bernhard O., Boerwinkle, Eric, Bornstein, Stefan R., Bottinger, Erwin P., Bouchard, Claude, Cauchi, Stéphane, Chambers, John C., Chanock, Stephen J., Cooper, Richard S., de Bakker, Paul I. W., Dedoussis, George, Ferrucci, Luigi, Franks, Paul W., Froguel, Philippe, Groop, Leif C., Haiman, Christopher A., Hamsten, Anders, Hui, Jennie, Hunter, David J., Hveem, Kristian, Kaplan, Robert C., Kivimaki, Mika, Kuh, Diana, Laakso, Markku, Liu, Yongmei, Martin, Nicholas G., März, Winfried, Melbye, Mads, Metspalu, Andres, Moebus, Susanne, Munroe, Patricia B., Njølstad, Inger, Oostra, Ben A., Palmer, Colin N. A., Pedersen, Nancy L., Perola, Markus, Pérusse, Louis, Peters, Ulrike, Power, Chris, Quertermous, Thomas, Rauramaa, Rainer, Rivadeneira, Fernando, Saaristo, Timo E., Saleheen, Danish, Sattar, Naveed, Schadt, Eric E., Schlessinger, David, Eline Slagboom, P., Snieder, Harold, Spector, Tim D., Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Stumvoll, Michael, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Uitterlinden, André G., Uusitupa, Matti, van der Harst, Pim, Walker, Mark, Wallaschofski, Henri, Wareham, Nicholas J., Watkins, Hugh, Weir, David R., Wichmann, H-Erich, Wilson, James F., Zanen, Pieter, Borecki, Ingrid B., Deloukas, Panos, Fox, Caroline S., Heid, Iris M., O’Connell, Jeffrey R., Strachan, David P., Stefansson, Kari, van Duijn, Cornelia M., Abecasis, Gonçalo R., Franke, Lude, Frayling, Timothy M., McCarthy, Mark I., Visscher, Peter M., Scherag, André, Willer, Cristen J., Boehnke, Michael, Mohlke, Karen L., Lindgren, Cecilia M., Beckmann, Jacques S., Barroso, Inês, North, Kari E., Ingelsson, Erik, Hirschhorn, Joel N., Loos, Ruth J. F., Speliotes, Elizabeth K.·2015·Nature
DOI 10.1038/nature14177PMC PMC4382211
Abstract
Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10(-8)), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.
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“and that the majority of genetic variation associated with BMI is in the central nervous system (CNS) [10]”
From Dual and Triple Incretin-Based Co-agonists: Novel Therapeutics for Obesity and Diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Multiple lines of evidence from evolutionary history, genetic and twin studies, support a genetic basis for obesity and differences in obese and lean phenotypes in women with PCOS [183,184,185,186].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [184]
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“as well as with many physical diseases, such as obesity186, type 2 diabetes mellitus187, and heart disease188.”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [186]
In the citing paper
“In our cohort, these SNPs collectively explained 2.1% variation in BMI (P=1.66×10−5), 3.4% in triglycerides (P=3.22×10−8), 7.5% in HDL (P<2.2×10−16), 4.6% in LDL (P=8.0×10−11), and 5.6% in TC (P=7.7×10−13), after correcting for age and sex.”
From The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“It should be noted, however, that the genetic risk score was limited to our established 157 lipid-associated SNPs33 and 97 BMI-associated SNPs,34 which together only explain a small proportion of the heritability of lipid levels. We might have missed the effect of other, not yet discovered SNPs.”
From The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
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“The most recent and largest genome wide association study (GWAS) on BMI identified 97 independent genetic variants associated with BMI”
From Causal relationship between obesity and serum testosterone status in men: A bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“For the two autosomal SNPs it was possible to use the GIANT consortium, including up to 104349 men, to evaluate the causal effect of serum T on BMI in a larger setting. However, no significant evidence was found supporting that any of these T SNPs were associated with BMI individually, or when combined as a genetic risk score (S6 Table).”
From Causal relationship between obesity and serum testosterone status in men: A bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In the present study, there was a small overlap (less than 2%), between the cohorts used in the present study and the study by Locke et al that identified the BMI-associated SNPs[17].”
From Causal relationship between obesity and serum testosterone status in men: A bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
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“From the original papers it can be seen that the instrument for adult BMI is stronger than for the other traits (the respective R 2 for adult BMI, birthweight, child BMI and WHR, are: 0.027, 0.008, 0.020 and 0.013;”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
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“For adult BMI, sex differences were reported and marked differences were found for two of the 77 variants (stronger associations in women compared with men).”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Interestingly, although Gao et al. use the most up-to-date BMI GWAS data, 20 they do not do the same for WHR, despite the most recent GWAS for WHR adjusted for BMI identifying 33 additional variants (as well as confirming the 14 used here from the earlier GWAS) and being published around the same time as the most up-to-date BMI GWAS.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Study, T. L. C., Locke, A. E., The ADIPOGen Consortium, The AGEN-BMI Working Group, The CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, The CKDGen Consortium, The, G. L. G. C., The, I. C. B. P., The MAGIC Investigators, The MuTHER Consortium, The MIGen Consortium, The PAGE Consortium, The ReproGen Consortium, The GENIE Consortium, The International Endogene Consortium, Kahali, B., Berndt, S. I., Justice, A. E., Pers, T. H., Day, F. R., Powell, C., Vedantam, S., Buchkovich, M. L., Yang, J., Croteau-Chonka, D. C., Esko, T., Fall, T., Ferreira, T., Gustafsson, S., Kutalik, Z., Luan, J., Mägi, R., Randall, J. C., Winkler, T. W., Wood, A. R., Workalemahu, T., Faul, J. D., Smith, J. A., Hua Zhao, J., Zhao, W., Chen, J., Fehrmann, R., Hedman, Å. K., Karjalainen, J., Schmidt, E. M., Absher, D., Amin, N., Anderson, D., Beekman, M., Bolton, J. L., Bragg-Gresham, J. L., Buyske, S., Demirkan, A., Deng, G., Ehret, G. B., Feenstra, B., Feitosa, M. F., Fischer, K., Goel, A., Gong, J., Jackson, A. U., Kanoni, S., Kleber, M. E., Kristiansson, K., Lim, U., Lotay, V., Mangino, M., Mateo Leach, I., Medina-Gomez, C., Medland, S. E., Nalls, M. A., Palmer, C. D., Pasko, D., Pechlivanis, S., Peters, M. J., Prokopenko, I., Shungin, D., Stančáková, A., Strawbridge, R. J., Ju Sung, Y., Tanaka, T., Teumer, A., Trompet, S., van der Laan, S. W., van Setten, J., Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J. V., Wang, Z., Yengo, L., Zhang, W., Isaacs, A., Albrecht, E., Ärnlöv, J., Arscott, G. M., Attwood, A. P., Bandinelli, S., Barrett, A., Bas, I. N., Bellis, C., Bennett, A. J., Berne, C., Blagieva, R., Blüher, M., Böhringer, S., Bonnycastle, L. L., Böttcher, Y., Boyd, H. A., Bruinenberg, M., Caspersen, I. H., Ida Chen, Y.-D., Clarke, R., Warwick Daw, E., de Craen, A. J. M., Delgado, G., Dimitriou, M., Doney, A. S. F., Eklund, N., Estrada, K., Eury, E., Folkersen, L., Fraser, R. M., Garcia, M. E., Geller, F., Giedraitis, V., Gigante, B., Go, A. S., Golay, A., Goodall, A. H., Gordon, S. D., Gorski, M., Grabe, H.-J., Grallert, H., Grammer, T. B., Gräßler, J., Grönberg, H., Groves, C. J., Gusto, G., Haessler, J., Hall, P., Haller, T., Hallmans, G., Hartman, C. A., Hassinen, M., Hayward, C., Heard-Costa, N. L., Helmer, Q., Hengstenberg, C., Holmen, O., Hottenga, J.-J., James, A. L., Jeff, J. M., Johansson, Å., Jolley, J., Juliusdottir, T., Kinnunen, L., Koenig, W., Koskenvuo, M., Kratzer, W., Laitinen, J., Lamina, C., Leander, K., Lee, N. R., Lichtner, P., Lind, L., Lindström, J., Sin Lo, K., Lobbens, S., Lorbeer, R., Lu, Y., Mach, F., Magnusson, P. K. E., Mahajan, A., McArdle, W. L., McLachlan, S., Menni, C., Merger, S., Mihailov, E., Milani, L., Moayyeri, A., Monda, K. L., Morken, M. A., Mulas, A., Müller, G., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Musk, A. W., Nagaraja, R., Nöthen, M. M., Nolte, I. M., Pilz, S., Rayner, N. W., Renstrom, F., Rettig, R., Ried, J. S., Ripke, S., Robertson, N. R., Rose, L. M., Sanna, S., Scharnagl, H., Scholtens, S., Schumacher, F. R., Scott, W. R., Seufferlein, T., Shi, J., Vernon Smith, A., Smolonska, J., Stanton, A. V., Steinthorsdottir, V., Stirrups, K., Stringham, H. M., Sundström, J., Swertz, M. A., Swift, A. J., Syvänen, A.-C., Tan, S.-T., Tayo, B. O., Thorand, B., Thorleifsson, G., Tyrer, J. P., Uh, H.-W., Vandenput, L., Verhulst, F. C., Vermeulen, S. H., Verweij, N., Vonk, J. M., Waite, L. L., Warren, H. R., Waterworth, D., Weedon, M. N., Wilkens, L. R., Willenborg, C., Wilsgaard, T., Wojczynski, M. K., Wong, A., Wright, A. F., Zhang, Q., Brennan, E. P., Choi, M., Dastani, Z., Drong, A. W., Eriksson, P., Franco-Cereceda, A., Gådin, J. R., Gharavi, A. G., Goddard, M. E., Handsaker, R. E., Huang, J., Karpe, F., Kathiresan, S., Keildson, S., Kiryluk, K., Kubo, M., Lee, J.-Y., Liang, L., Lifton, R. P., Ma, B., McCarroll, S. A., McKnight, A. J., Min, J. L., Moffatt, M. F., Montgomery, G. W., Murabito, J. M., Nicholson, G., Nyholt, D. R., Okada, Y., Perry, J. R. B., Dorajoo, R., Reinmaa, E., Salem, R. M., Sandholm, N., Scott, R. A., Stolk, L., Takahashi, A., Tanaka, T., van’t Hooft, F. M., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Westra, H.-J., Zheng, W., Zondervan, K. T., Heath, A. C., Arveiler, D., Bakker, S. J. L., Beilby, J., Bergman, R. N., Blangero, J., Bovet, P., Campbell, H., Caulfield, M. J., Cesana, G., Chakravarti, A., Chasman, D. I., Chines, P. S., Collins, F. S., Crawford, D. C., Adrienne Cupples, L., Cusi, D., Danesh, J., de Faire, U., den Ruijter, H. M., Dominiczak, A. F., Erbel, R., Erdmann, J., Eriksson, J. G., Farrall, M., Felix, S. B., Ferrannini, E., Ferrières, J., Ford, I., Forouhi, N. G., Forrester, T., Franco, O. H., Gansevoort, R. T., Gejman, P. V., Gieger, C., Gottesman, O., Gudnason, V., Gyllensten, U., Hall, A. S., Harris, T. B., Hattersley, A. T., Hicks, A. A., Hindorff, L. A., Hingorani, A. D., Hofman, A., Homuth, G., Kees Hovingh, G., Humphries, S. E., Hunt, S. C., Hyppönen, E., Illig, T., Jacobs, K. B., Jarvelin, M.-R., Jöckel, K.-H., Johansen, B., Jousilahti, P., Wouter Jukema, J., Jula, A. M., Kaprio, J., Kastelein, J. J. P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Kiemeney, L. A., Knekt, P., Kooner, J. S., Kooperberg, C., Kovacs, P., Kraja, A. T., Kumari, M., Kuusisto, J., Lakka, T. A., Langenberg, C., Le Marchand, L., Lehtimäki, T., Lyssenko, V., Männistö, S., Marette, A., Matise, T. C., McKenzie, C. A., McKnight, B., Moll, F. L., Morris, A. D., Morris, A. P., Murray, J. C., Nelis, M., Ohlsson, C., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ong, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Pasterkamp, G., Peden, J. F., Peters, A., Postma, D. S., Pramstaller, P. P., Price, J. F., Qi, L., Raitakari, O. T., Rankinen, T., Rao, D. C., Rice, T. K., Ridker, P. M., Rioux, J. D., Ritchie, M. D., Rudan, I., Salomaa, V., Samani, N. J., Saramies, J., Sarzynski, M. A., Schunkert, H., Schwarz, P. E. H., Sever, P., Shuldiner, A. R., Sinisalo, J., Stolk, R. P., Strauch, K., Tönjes, A., Trégouët, D.-A., Tremblay, A., Tremoli, E., Virtamo, J., Vohl, M.-C., Völker, U., Waeber, G., Willemsen, G., Witteman, J. C., Carola Zillikens, M., Adair, L. S., Amouyel, P., Asselbergs, F. W., Assimes, T. L., Bochud, M., Boehm, B. O., Boerwinkle, E., Bornstein, S. R., Bottinger, E. P., Bouchard, C., Cauchi, S., Chambers, J. C., Chanock, S. J., Cooper, R. S., de Bakker, P. I. W., Dedoussis, G., Ferrucci, L., Franks, P. W., Froguel, P., Groop, L. C., Haiman, C. A., Hamsten, A., Hui, J., Hunter, D. J., Hveem, K., Kaplan, R. C., Kivimaki, M., Kuh, D., Laakso, M., Liu, Y., Martin, N. G., März, W., Melbye, M., Metspalu, A., Moebus, S., Munroe, P. B., Njølstad, I., Oostra, B. A., Palmer, C. N. A., Pedersen, N. L., Perola, M., Pérusse, L., Peters, U., Power, C., Quertermous, T., Rauramaa, R., Rivadeneira, F., Saaristo, T. E., Saleheen, D., Sattar, N., Schadt, E. E., Schlessinger, D., Eline Slagboom, P., Snieder, H., Spector, T. D., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stumvoll, M., Tuomilehto, J., Uitterlinden, A. G., Uusitupa, M., van der Harst, P., Walker, M., Wallaschofski, H., Wareham, N. J., Watkins, H., Weir, D. R., Wichmann, H.-E., Wilson, J. F., Zanen, P., Borecki, I. B., Deloukas, P., Fox, C. S., Heid, I. M., O’Connell, J. R., Strachan, D. P., Stefansson, K., van Duijn, C. M., Abecasis, G. R., Franke, L., Frayling, T. M., McCarthy, M. I., Visscher, P. M., Scherag, A., Willer, C. J., Boehnke, M., Mohlke, K. L., Lindgren, C. M., Beckmann, J. S., Barroso, I., North, K. E., Ingelsson, E., Hirschhorn, J. N., Loos, R. J. F., & Speliotes, E. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
- Army Medical University (CN)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- NHS Blood and Transplant (GB)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Dalarna University (SE)
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- IFB Adiposity Diseases (DE)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- Boston University (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University Hospital Ulm (DE)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology (US)
- University of London (GB)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics (DE)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (CA)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (JP)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine (AU)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- University of Milan (IT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Endeavor Health (US)
- University of the West Indies (JM)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Eurac Research (IT)
- University of Utah (US)
- University College London (GB)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- University of Essex (GB)
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- Steno Diabetes Centers (DK)
- Tampere University (FI)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Illumina (United Kingdom) (GB)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- Inserm (FR)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (DE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Finnish Diabetes Association (FI)
- Universität für Weiterbildung Krems (AT)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Beckmann, Jacques S.
- ORCID
- Locke, Adam E.
- Kahali, Bratati
- Berndt, Sonja I.
- Justice, Anne E.
- Pers, Tune H.
- Day, Felix R.
- Vedantam, Sailaja
- Buchkovich, Martin L.
- Yang, Jian
- Fall, Tove
- Ferreira, Teresa
- Gustafsson, Stefan
- Kutalik, Zoltán
- Luan, Jian’an
- Mägi, Reedik
- Winkler, Thomas W.
- Wood, Andrew R.
- Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie
- Faul, Jessica D.
- Smith, Jennifer A.
- Zhao, Wei
- Fehrmann, Rudolf
- Hedman, Åsa K.
- Karjalainen, Juha
- Schmidt, Ellen M.
- Amin, Najaf
- Anderson, Denise
- Beekman, Marian
- Buyske, Steven
- Ehret, Georg B.
- Feenstra, Bjarke
- Feitosa, Mary F.
- Fischer, Krista
- Goel, Anuj
- Gong, Jian
- Jackson, Anne U.
- Kanoni, Stavroula
- Kleber, Marcus E.
- Kristiansson, Kati
- Lim, Unhee
- Mangino, Massimo
- Medland, Sarah E.
- Palmer, Cameron D.
- Pechlivanis, Sonali
- Peters, Marjolein J.
- Prokopenko, Inga
- Shungin, Dmitry
- Strawbridge, Rona J.
- Tanaka, Toshiko
- Teumer, Alexander
- Trompet, Stella
- Yengo, Loïc
- Isaacs, Aaron
- Ärnlöv, Johan
- Arscott, Gillian M.
- Bandinelli, Stefania
- Bellis, Claire
- Bennett, Amanda J.
- Blüher, Matthias
- Böhringer, Stefan
- Bonnycastle, Lori L.
- Böttcher, Yvonne
- Boyd, Heather A.
- Caspersen, Ida H.
- Dimitriou, Maria
- Doney, Alex S. F.
- Estrada, Karol
- Folkersen, Lasse
- Fraser, Ross M.
- Geller, Frank
- Giedraitis, Vilmantas
- Gigante, Bruna
- Go, Alan S.
- Golay, Alain
- Goodall, Alison H.
- Gordon, Scott D.
- Gorski, Mathias
- Grabe, Hans-Jörgen
- Grallert, Harald
- Grönberg, Henrik
- Hall, Per
- Haller, Toomas
- Hartman, Catharina A.
- Hayward, Caroline
- Hengstenberg, Christian
- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan
- Johansson, Åsa
- Kinnunen, Leena
- Kratzer, Wolfgang
- Laitinen, Jaana
- Lamina, Claudia
- Leander, Karin
- Lichtner, Peter
- Lind, Lars
- Lindström, Jaana
- Lu, Yingchang
- Mach, François
- Magnusson, Patrik K. E.
- Mahajan, Anubha
- McArdle, Wendy L.
- McLachlan, Stela
- Menni, Cristina
- Merger, Sigrun
- Milani, Lili
- Moayyeri, Alireza
- Mulas, Antonella
- Müller, Gabriele
- Musk, Arthur W.
- Nagaraja, Ramaiah
- Nöthen, Markus M.
- Nolte, Ilja M.
- Pilz, Stefan
- Rayner, Nigel W.
- Ripke, Stephan
- Rose, Lynda M.
- Sanna, Serena
- Scharnagl, Hubert
- Scholtens, Salome
- Schumacher, Fredrick R.
- Scott, William R.
- Seufferlein, Thomas
- Shi, Jianxin
- Stanton, Alice V.
- Stirrups, Kathleen
- Stringham, Heather M.
- Sundström, Johan
- Swertz, Morris A.
- Tayo, Bamidele O.
- Thorand, Barbara
- Tyrer, Jonathan P.
- Uh, Hae-Won
- Vandenput, Liesbeth
- Verhulst, Frank C.
- Vermeulen, Sita H.
- Verweij, Niek
- Vonk, Judith M.
- Warren, Helen R.
- Waterworth, Dawn
- Weedon, Michael N.
- Wilkens, Lynne R.
- Wilsgaard, Tom
- Wojczynski, Mary K.
- Wong, Andrew
- Brennan, Eoin P.
- Choi, Murim
- Eriksson, Per
- Gådin, Jesper R.
- Gharavi, Ali G.
- Goddard, Michael E.
- Handsaker, Robert E.
- Huang, Jinyan
- Karpe, Fredrik
- Kathiresan, Sekar
- Kiryluk, Krzysztof
- Kubo, Michiaki
- Lee, Jong-Young
- Liang, Liming
- Lifton, Richard P.
- Ma, Baoshan
- McCarroll, Steven A.
- McKnight, Amy J.
- Min, Josine L.
- Moffatt, Miriam F.
- Montgomery, Grant W.
- Murabito, Joanne M.
- Nyholt, Dale R.
- Okada, Yukinori
- Perry, John R. B.
- Dorajoo, Rajkumar
- Salem, Rany M.
- Sandholm, Niina
- Takahashi, Atsushi
- Tanaka, Toshihiro
- Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E.
- Westra, Harm-Jan
- Zheng, Wei
- Zondervan, Krina T.
- Heath, Andrew C.
- Bakker, Stephan J. L.
- Beilby, John
- Bergman, Richard N.
- Blangero, John
- Bovet, Pascal
- Caulfield, Mark J.
- Chakravarti, Aravinda
- Chasman, Daniel I.
- Collins, Francis S.
- Crawford, Dana C.
- Cusi, Daniele
- Danesh, John
- Dominiczak, Anna F.
- Erdmann, Jeanette
- Eriksson, Johan G.
- Farrall, Martin
- Felix, Stephan B.
- Ferrannini, Ele
- Ferrières, Jean
- Ford, Ian
- Forouhi, Nita G.
- Franco, Oscar H.
- Gansevoort, Ron T.
- Gieger, Christian
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Gyllensten, Ulf
- Hall, Alistair S.
- Harris, Tamara B.
- Hattersley, Andrew T.
- Hicks, Andrew A.
- Hindorff, Lucia A.
- Hingorani, Aroon D.
- Homuth, Georg
- Humphries, Steve E.
- Hunt, Steven C.
- Hyppönen, Elina
- Jacobs, Kevin B.
- Jöckel, Karl-Heinz
- Johansen, Berit
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Kastelein, John J. P.
- Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M.
- Kiemeney, Lambertus A.
- Knekt, Paul
- Kooner, Jaspal S.
- Kooperberg, Charles
- Kovacs, Peter
- Lakka, Timo A.
- Langenberg, Claudia
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Lyssenko, Valeriya
- Männistö, Satu
- Marette, André
- Matise, Tara C.
- Moll, Frans L.
- Morris, Andrew D.
- Morris, Andrew P.
- Murray, Jeffrey C.
- Nelis, Mari
- Ohlsson, Claes
- Oldehinkel, Albertine J.
- Ong, Ken K.
- Madden, Pamela A. F.
- Pasterkamp, Gerard
- Peters, Annette
- Postma, Dirkje S.
- Pramstaller, Peter P.
- Price, Jackie F.
- Qi, Lu
- Raitakari, Olli T.
- Rao, D. C.
- Rice, Treva K.
- Ridker, Paul M.
- Rioux, John D.
- Ritchie, Marylyn D.
- Rudan, Igor
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Samani, Nilesh J.
- Sarzynski, Mark A.
- Schunkert, Heribert
- Schwarz, Peter E. H.
- Shuldiner, Alan R.
- Sinisalo, Juha
- Stolk, Ronald P.
- Strauch, Konstantin
- Tönjes, Anke
- Trégouët, David-Alexandre
- Tremblay, Angelo
- Tremoli, Elena
- Vohl, Marie-Claude
- Völker, Uwe
- Waeber, Gérard
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Adair, Linda S.
- Amouyel, Philippe
- Asselbergs, Folkert W.
- Assimes, Themistocles L.
- Bochud, Murielle
- Boehm, Bernhard O.
- Boerwinkle, Eric
- Bornstein, Stefan R.
- Bouchard, Claude
- Cauchi, Stéphane
- Chambers, John C.
- Chanock, Stephen J.
- Cooper, Richard S.
- Dedoussis, George
- Ferrucci, Luigi
- Franks, Paul W.
- Froguel, Philippe
- Haiman, Christopher A.
- Hamsten, Anders
- Hui, Jennie
- Hveem, Kristian
- Kaplan, Robert C.
- Kuh, Diana
- Laakso, Markku
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- März, Winfried
- Melbye, Mads
- Metspalu, Andres
- Moebus, Susanne
- Munroe, Patricia B.
- Njølstad, Inger
- Pedersen, Nancy L.
- Perola, Markus
- Peters, Ulrike
- Power, Chris
- Quertermous, Thomas
- Rivadeneira, Fernando
- Saleheen, Danish
- Sattar, Naveed
- Snieder, Harold
- Spector, Tim D.
- Tuomilehto, Jaakko
- Uitterlinden, André G.
- Uusitupa, Matti
- Walker, Mark
- Wareham, Nicholas J.
- Watkins, Hugh
- Weir, David R.
- Wichmann, H-Erich
- Wilson, James F.
- Zanen, Pieter
- Borecki, Ingrid B.
- Deloukas, Panos
- Fox, Caroline S.
- Heid, Iris M.
- O’Connell, Jeffrey R.
- Strachan, David P.
- Abecasis, Gonçalo R.
- Franke, Lude
- Frayling, Timothy M.
- McCarthy, Mark I.
- Visscher, Peter M.
- Scherag, André
- Willer, Cristen J.
- Boehnke, Michael
- Mohlke, Karen L.
- Lindgren, Cecilia M.
- Beckmann, Jacques S.
- Barroso, Inês
- North, Kari E.
- Ingelsson, Erik
- Hirschhorn, Joel N.
- Loos, Ruth J. F.
- Speliotes, Elizabeth K.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-02-11
- Volume
- 518
- Issue
- 7538
- Pages
- 197-206
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4382211
- OpenAlex
- W2039153962
- Cited by
- 4,534
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 185 · 2025: 297 · 2024: 341 · 2023: 380 · 2022: 448 · 2021: 564 · 2020: 413 · 2019: 439 · 2018: 466 · 2017: 479 · 2016: 339 · 2015: 172
- FWCI
- 331.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
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- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Faculty of Health; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- WOS
- Funders
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Kaiser Permanente
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- University of Dundee
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- Wellcome Trust (098017, 098381, 085235, 097117, WT098017, 100574, 084766, WT098381, WT100574, WT097117, WT084766, WT085235)
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute
- Université de Lille (F-59000)
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK_14136, 14136)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0512-10165, NF-SI-0513-10109, NF-SI-0611-10170, NF-SI-0512-10113, NF-SI-0507-10380, NF-SI-0611-10099, NF-SI-0512-10114, NF-SI-0611-10219, NF-SI-0514-10027, NF-SI-0513-10059)
- British Heart Foundation (BHF_FS/14/55/30806, FS/14/55/30806, RG/08/008/25291, BHF_RG/10/12/28456, BHF_RG/08/008/25291, RG/10/12/28456, BHF_RG/08/014/24067, RG/07/008/23674, RG/08/014/24067)
- University of Leicester
- Imperial College London
- University of Oxford
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- Queensland University of Technology
- Lundbeckfonden (R190 2014-3904)
- Karolinska Institutet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen
- Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
- Högskolan Dalarna
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
- Uppsala Universitet
- Universitätsklinikum Jena
- Universität Ulm (89081)
- Harokopio University
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF14OC0010513, NNF12OC1016467, NNF14OC0009883, NNF13OC0005785, NNF15OC0016416, NNF13OC0004839)
- National Institutes of Health (5ul1tr001067-05, UL1TR000124, TL1TR001066)
- University of California, Los Angeles
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1, MR/K006584/1, MC_UU_12015/5, MR/N01104X/1, MR/L003120/1, MR/K002414/1, MC_UU_12015/2, MC_UU_12015/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J023299/1, ES/F02679X/1)
- Helmholtz Zentrum München
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010129, U01AG049505, R01AG025941, R01AG033193, R01AG041517, U01AG009740)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL105756, T32HL007824, K01HL116770, R01HL117078, P30HL107251, R01HL117626, T32HL007055, R01HL109946)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA027040)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (U01HG004790, U01HG004802, U01HG007416, U01HG007417, U01HG007419, U01HG007376)
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA164930, UM1CA182913, UM1CA182910, P30CA071789)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007814, R25GM062459, T32GM080178, P30GM103341)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK078150, R01DK072193, R01DK089256, U01DK062370, K23DK080145, P30DK072488, P60DK020541, R01DK075787, P30DK020572, P30DK056341, R01DK093757, P30DK063491, P30DK020541, R01DK062370)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS017950)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1-TR001067)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P20MD006899)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD050924)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Keywords
- body mass index, obesity genetics, genome-wide association study, novel genetic loci, metabolic phenotypes, central nervous system, synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion, energy metabolism, lipid biology, adipogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Age Factors, Energy Metabolism, Europe, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Obesity, Synapses, Body Mass Index, Glutamic Acid, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci, Racial Groups, Adiposity, Adipogenesis, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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