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Mutual regulation of tumour vessel normalization and immunostimulatory reprogramming
Open accessAbstract
Blockade of angiogenesis can retard tumour growth, but may also paradoxically increase metastasis. This paradox may be resolved by vessel normalization, which involves increased pericyte coverage, improved tumour vessel perfusion, reduced vascular permeability, and consequently mitigated hypoxia. Although these processes alter tumour progression, their regulation is poorly understood. Here we show that type 1 T helper (T H 1) cells play a crucial role in vessel normalization. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that gene expression features related to vessel normalization correlate with immunostimulatory pathways, especially T lymphocyte infiltration or activity. To delineate the causal relationship, we used various mouse models with vessel normalization or T lymphocyte deficiencies. Although disruption of vessel normalization reduced T lymphocyte infiltration as expected, reciprocal depletion or inactivation of CD4+ T lymphocytes decreased vessel normalization, indicating a mutually regulatory loop. In addition, activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by immune checkpoint blockade increased vessel normalization. T H 1 cells that secrete interferon-γ are a major population of cells associated with vessel normalization. Patient-derived xenograft tumours growing in immunodeficient mice exhibited enhanced hypoxia compared to the original tumours in immunocompetent humans, and hypoxia was reduced by adoptive T H 1 transfer. Our findings elucidate an unexpected role of T H 1 cells in vasculature and immune reprogramming. T H 1 cells may be a marker and a determinant of both immune checkpoint blockade and anti-angiogenesis efficacy.
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In the citing paper
“We previously demonstrated that vascular normalization could increase immune cells’ infiltration into tumors, and multiple studies have confirmed these findings in several tumor models (15,17-19).”
In the citing paper
“An improved vascular network favors adaptive antitumor immunity by promoting trafficking and re-localization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), leading to improved outcomes of various immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) (15-20).”
In the citing paper
“There is an association of IFNγ-secreting T cells and vessel normalization (18), and IFNγ promotes the enhanced expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells (65).”
In the citing paper
“Lack of perfusion, tumoral hypoxia, and T-cell exclusion are considered significant resistance mechanisms (15,17-19).”
In the citing paper
“ICB of cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) and PD-1 can normalize blood vessels in multiple models of transplanted breast and other tumours105.”
From Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“ICB can have vessel-normalizing effects in preclinical models of breast tumours105, although the kinetics of vascular normalization are unknown.”
From Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“The vascular normalization effect observed in this study was attributed to increased CD4+ type 1 T helper (TH1) cell accumulation and anticancer activity105.”
From Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“This observation contrasts with the vascular normalization induced by ICB in breast cancer models105 and suggests that the vascular effects are dependent on the tumour location and/or type — a possibility that needs to be further investigated.”
From Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“although the generalizability of the reciprocal regulation of tumour vessel normalization and immunostimulatory reprogramming is supported by analyses of large transcriptomic databases in human tumours, the experimental studies were limited to breast cancer models105.”
From Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tian, L., Goldstein, A., Wang, H., Ching Lo, H., Sun Kim, I., Welte, T., Sheng, K., Dobrolecki, L. E., Zhang, X., Putluri, N., Phung, T. L., Mani, S. A., Stossi, F., Sreekumar, A., Mancini, M. A., Decker, W. K., Zong, C., Lewis, M. T., & Zhang, X. H.-F.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Xiaomei
- Zhang, Xiang H.-F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 544
- Issue
- 7649
- Pages
- 250-254
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5788037
- OpenAlex
- W2601414401
- Cited by
- 841
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 88 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 25
- FWCI
- 26.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1s10od016167-01)
- National Cancer Institute (R00CA151293, R01CA220297, K99CA151293, R21CA185516, U01CA179674, R01CA183878, P30CA125123)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30AI036211, R01AI127387)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK056338)
- National Center for Research Resources (S10RR024574)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
- Keywords
- tumor immunosuppression, pericyte coverage, tumor hypoxia, CD4+ T cells, Th1 cells, interferon-gamma, immune checkpoint blockade, anti-angiogenic therapy, T cell infiltration, endothelial cells, tumor vasculature, patient-derived xenografts, cancer immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Capillary Permeability, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neoplasms, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Prognosis, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cell Hypoxia, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, Th1 Cells, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Adoptive Transfer, Pericytes, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Endothelial Cells, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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