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New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens.
Open accessAbstract
Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day 'modern' morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating), this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent.
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“Some of these facial properties may have been present in the earliest fossils attributed to H. sapiens, like the Jebel Irhoud fossils4, deviating from craniofacial features which emerged in earlier forms of Homo145, and may have become established before some brain-related changes discussed here11,146.”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Irhoud 1, found in Morocco and recently dated to ~300 Ka 31 , is likely an early member of the Homo sapiens lineage”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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“a recent study reported human remains with many modern features but archaic cranial morphology dated to about 315 ka ago (38), suggesting that not all human-specific traits arose at the same time.”
From An ancestral recombination graph of human, Neanderthal, and Denisovan genomes (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
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“All anatomically modern humans (AMHs) trace their origin to the African continent around 300 ka (Stringer 2016; Hublin et al. 2017)”
From Archaic Introgression Shaped Human Circadian Traits (2023) · cites this paper as Hublin et al. 2017
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“The emergence of the earliest hominins possessing most anatomical traits associated with H. sapiens has been traced back to Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, around 300,000 years BP (Hublin et al., 2017).”
From The evolution of human skin pigmentation: A changing medley of vitamins, genetic variability, and UV radiation during human expansion (2023) · cites this paper as Hublin et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“The Jebel Irhoud specimens have short faces, small teeth, and reduced brow-ridges compared to pre-sapiens ancestors, making them the earliest human specimens to show features of the domestication syndrome.”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Hublin et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Currently the earliest record of a lineage of H. sapiens comes from around 315,000 years ago from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco (Hublin et al., 2017).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Hublin et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Further evidence of the antiquity of a H. sapiens-like facial morphology is provided by the recent study and redating of new and old fossil material from Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) (Fig. 3f), now placed at ~300 Ka 31”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“mounting genetic and morphological data support the notion that H. sapiens first appeared in Africa [29][30][31]”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Compared with early Homo specimens at a comparable stage of dental development, El Sidrón J1 is at least 2.7 years older than a ~2 myr Homo habilis specimen, StW 151, (19)(20)(21)(22) but almost identical in age (7.78 years) to a 315 kyr Homo sapiens specimen from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco (23), that shows a prolonged modern humanlike period of dental developmental (24).”
From The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain) (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hublin, J.-J., Ben-Ncer, A., Bailey, S. E., Freidline, S. E., Neubauer, S., Skinner, M. M., Bergmann, I., Le Cabec, A., Benazzi, S., Harvati, K., & Gunz, P.
- Affiliations
- Collège de France (FR)
- Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine (MA)
- New York University (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- University of Kent (GB)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hublin, Jean-Jacques
- Gunz, Philipp
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-06-08
- Volume
- 546
- Issue
- 7657
- Pages
- 289-292
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2623319323
- Cited by
- 1,347
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 191 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 55
- FWCI
- 605.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-06-13)
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- human origins, Middle Stone Age, endocranial morphology, neurocranium, mandible, dental morphology, facial morphology, thermoluminescence dating
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Animals, Chronology as Topic, Face, Fossils, Humans, Mandible, Morocco, Phylogeny, Skull, Tooth, Hominidae
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