New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens.
Open accessAbstract
Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day 'modern' morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating), this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent.
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A recent study reported human remains with many modern features but archaic cranial morphology dated to about 315 ka ago, suggesting that not all human-specific traits arose at the same time.
“a recent study reported human remains with many modern features but archaic cranial morphology dated to about 315 ka ago (38), suggesting that not all human-specific traits arose at the same time.”
From An ancestral recombination graph of human, Neanderthal, and Denisovan genomes (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
All anatomically modern humans trace their origin to the African continent around 300 ka.
“All anatomically modern humans (AMHs) trace their origin to the African continent around 300 ka (Stringer 2016; Hublin et al. 2017)”
From Archaic Introgression Shaped Human Circadian Traits (2023) · cites this paper as Hublin et al. 2017
The Jebel Irhoud specimens have short faces, small teeth, and reduced brow-ridges compared to pre-sapiens ancestors, making them the earliest human specimens to show features of the domestication syndrome.
“The Jebel Irhoud specimens have short faces, small teeth, and reduced brow-ridges compared to pre-sapiens ancestors, making them the earliest human specimens to show features of the domestication syndrome.”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Hublin et al., 2017
The earliest record of a lineage of H. sapiens comes from around 315,000 years ago from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco.
“Currently the earliest record of a lineage of H. sapiens comes from around 315,000 years ago from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco (Hublin et al., 2017).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Hublin et al., 2017
Some facial properties may have been present in the earliest fossils attributed to H. sapiens, like the Jebel Irhoud fossils, deviating from craniofacial features which emerged in earlier forms of Homo, and may have become established before some brain-related changes discussed here.
“Some of these facial properties may have been present in the earliest fossils attributed to H. sapiens, like the Jebel Irhoud fossils4, deviating from craniofacial features which emerged in earlier forms of Homo145, and may have become established before some brain-related changes discussed here11,146.”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Recent study and redating of new and old fossil material from Jebel Irhoud, now placed at about 300 Ka, provides further evidence of the antiquity of a H. sapiens-like facial morphology.
“Further evidence of the antiquity of a H. sapiens-like facial morphology is provided by the recent study and redating of new and old fossil material from Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) (Fig. 3f), now placed at ~300 Ka 31”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Mounting genetic and morphological data support the notion that H. sapiens first appeared in Africa.
“mounting genetic and morphological data support the notion that H. sapiens first appeared in Africa [29][30][31]”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Irhoud 1 is likely an early member of the Homo sapiens lineage.
“Irhoud 1, found in Morocco and recently dated to ~300 Ka 31 , is likely an early member of the Homo sapiens lineage”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
El Sidrón J1 is almost identical in age (7.78 years) to the 315 kyr Homo sapiens specimen from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco.
“Compared with early Homo specimens at a comparable stage of dental development, El Sidrón J1 is at least 2.7 years older than a ~2 myr Homo habilis specimen, StW 151, (19)(20)(21)(22) but almost identical in age (7.78 years) to a 315 kyr Homo sapiens specimen from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco (23), that shows a prolonged modern humanlike period of dental developmental (24).”
From The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain) (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Hublin, J.-J., Ben-Ncer, A., Bailey, S. E., Freidline, S. E., Neubauer, S., Skinner, M. M., Bergmann, I., Le Cabec, A., Benazzi, S., Harvati, K., & Gunz, P.
- Affiliations
- Collège de France (FR)
- Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine (MA)
- New York University (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- University of Kent (GB)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hublin, Jean-Jacques
- Gunz, Philipp
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-06-08
- Volume
- 546
- Issue
- 7657
- Pages
- 289-292
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2623319323
- Cited by
- 1,347
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 191 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 55 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 605.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-06-13)
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- human origins, Middle Stone Age, endocranial morphology, neurocranium, mandible, dental morphology, facial morphology, thermoluminescence dating
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Animals, Chronology as Topic, Face, Fossils, Humans, Mandible, Morocco, Phylogeny, Skull, Tooth, Hominidae
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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