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A record of deep-ocean dissolved O2 from the oxidation state of iron in submarine basalts
Open accessAbstract
The oxygenation of the deep ocean in the geological past has been associated with a rise in the partial pressure of atmospheric molecular oxygen (O 2) to near-present levels and the emergence of modern marine biogeochemical cycles. It has also been linked to the origination and diversification of early animals. It is generally thought that the deep ocean was largely anoxic from about 2,500 to 800 million years ago, with estimates of the occurrence of deep-ocean oxygenation and the linked increase in the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen to levels sufficient for this oxygenation ranging from about 800 to 400 million years ago. Deep-ocean dissolved oxygen concentrations over this interval are typically estimated using geochemical signatures preserved in ancient continental shelf or slope sediments, which only indirectly reflect the geochemical state of the deep ocean. Here we present a record that more directly reflects deep-ocean oxygen concentrations, based on the ratio of Fe 3+ to total Fe in hydrothermally altered basalts formed in ocean basins. Our data allow for quantitative estimates of deep-ocean dissolved oxygen concentrations from 3.5 billion years ago to 14 million years ago and suggest that deep-ocean oxygenation occurred in the Phanerozoic (541 million years ago to the present) and potentially not until the late Palaeozoic (less than 420 million years ago).
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“The natural corollary in this discussion is that biospheric O2 must have risen to something like modern levels much later (Dahl et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2018), particularly in the deep ocean (Stolper and Keller, 2018), and that pulsed oxygenation in an ocean that was still mostly anoxic may have continued even into the Paleozoic.”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Stolper and Keller, 2018
In the citing paper
“Evidence for low-oxygen conditions is consistent with deep-ocean [O 2 ] reconstructed from the iron redox chemistry of extrusive, subaqueous volcanic rocks, though this record also allows for pervasive deep-ocean anoxia (Stolper & Keller 2018), and the eruption depths of these rocks are not always well constrained.”
From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Stolper & Keller 2018
In the citing paper
“In particular, there is a striking coincidence between the emergence of deep rooting systems during the Silurian-Devonian transition (∼410-390 Mya) and an increase in the proportion of marine sedimentary rock samples deposited under oxygenated waters (Dahl et al. 2010, Sperling et al. 2015, Stolper & Keller 2018).”
From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Stolper & Keller 2018
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BackgroundThe Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes revisited
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stolper, D. A., & Keller, C. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Berkeley Geochronology Center (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 553
- Issue
- 7688
- Pages
- 323-327
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2782454560
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14
- FWCI
- 14.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- dissolved oxygen, iron oxidation state, submarine basalts, atmospheric oxygen rise, Phanerozoic, Archean, marine biogeochemical cycles, ocean anoxia, oxygen isotopes, redox-sensitive elements, early animal diversification, ocean redox state
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Iron, Oceans and Seas, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen, Seawater, Silicates, Geologic Sediments, History, Ancient
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