A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry
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Protracted anoxia fundamentally challenged the previous assumption that the full ocean was O2-rich during the boring billion based on the disappearance of anoxia-dependent iron formations at ~1.8 Ga.
“First and foremost, protracted anoxia fundamentally challenged the previous assumption that the full ocean was O2-rich during the boring billion (Wilde, 1987; Canfield, 1998) based on the disappearance of anoxia-dependent iron formations at ∼1.8 Ga (Fe is soluble only in O2-free waters).”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
Reconciling the disappearance of iron formations with prolonged anoxia led to the idea that accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was responsible for the loss of iron formations at the start of the boring billion.
“Reconciling the disappearance of iron formations with prolonged anoxia led instead to the idea that accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was responsible for the loss of iron formations at the start of the boring billion (Canfield, 1998).”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
The upper estimate of 40% PAL was grounded in maximum levels of O2 in the atmosphere that would have allowed the deep ocean to remain anoxic.
“The upper estimate of 40% PAL was grounded in something entirely different—maximum levels of O2 in the atmosphere that would have allowed the deep ocean to remain anoxic (Canfield, 1998)”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
The claim of persistent deep-ocean anoxia during the boring billion has gained a strong footing through detailed analysis of fine-grained sedimentary rocks and the use of well-established geochemical tracers.
“The aforementioned claim of persistent deep-ocean anoxia during the boring billion (Canfield, 1998) has gained a strong footing through detailed analysis of fine-grained sedimentary rocks and the use of well-established geochemical tracers.”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
With the Great Oxidation Event, increasing amounts of sulfate would have been weathered into the ocean and utilized by anaerobic microbes as an electron acceptor to oxidize organic carbon (in anaerobic respiration) with the concomitant production of sulfide.
“With the Great Oxidation Event, increasing amounts of sulfate (SO42-) would have been weathered into the ocean and utilized by anaerobic microbes as an electron acceptor to oxidize organic carbon (in anaerobic respiration) with the concomitant production of sulfide (H2S) (Canfield, 1998).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
Inspired by arguments for widespread marine euxinia during the Mesoproterozoic, Anbar and Knoll suggested such conditions would have limited the seawater Mo reservoir.
“Inspired by arguments for widespread marine euxinia during the Mesoproterozoic (1.8-1.0Ga) (Canfield, 1998), they suggested that such conditions would have limited the seawater Mo reservoir.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
If Proterozoic oceans were characterized by expanded euxinia, many trace elements such as Cd, Cu, and Zn could have been drawn down to biolimiting concentrations.
“These authors also found that if Proterozoic oceans were characterized by expanded euxinia (e.g., Canfield, 1998), many of these trace elements (e.g., Cd, Cu, Zn) could have been drawn down to concentrations that were biolimiting.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
Since dissolved Mo is rapidly removed from sulfidic seawater, Mo-along with elements like Fe and Cu-would have limited life in the Proterozoic if euxinic waters covered the seafloor.
“Because dissolved Mo is efficiently removed from sulfidic seawater, it was suggested that Mo, amongst other elements (e.g., Fe, Cu), would have been biolimiting in the Proterozoic (Javaux et al., 2001;Anbar and Knoll, 2002) if the seafloor was covered by euxinic waters, as originally hypothesized by Canfield (1998).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Canfield (1998)
Declining seawater Fe concentrations after the Paleoproterozoic, triggered by increased precipitation of Fe-oxides and sulfides, may have suppressed nitrogenase activity and potentially limited Mesoproterozoic primary productivity via a dearth of fixed N.
“Anbar and Knoll (2002) suggested that declining seawater Fe concentrations after the Paleoproterozoic, triggered by the increased precipitation of Fe-oxides and sulfides (Canfield, 1998), may have suppressed the activity of nitrogenase (whose different versions all depend on Fe), and in turn, potentially limited Mesoproterozoic primary productivity via a dearth of fixed N.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Canfield, 1998
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“First and foremost, protracted anoxia fundamentally challenged the previous assumption that the full ocean was O2-rich during the boring billion (Wilde, 1987; Canfield, 1998) based on the disappearance of anoxiadependent iron formations at *1.8 Ga (Fe is soluble only in O2-free waters).”
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“With the Great Oxidation Event, increasing amounts of sulfate (SO4 ) would have been weathered into the ocean and utilized by anaerobic microbes as an electron acceptor to oxidize organic carbon (in anaerobic respiration) with the concomitant production of sulfide (H2S) (Canfield, 1998).”
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- Authors
- Canfield, D. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Canfield, D. E.
- ORCID
- Canfield, D. E.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 396
- Issue
- 6710
- Pages
- 450-453
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1631820701
- Cited by
- 1,243
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 13.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Statens Naturvidenskabelige Forskningsrad
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- National Science Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- Great Oxidation, banded iron formations, sulfide, sulfate reduction, sulfur isotopes, anoxic bottom water, animal evolution
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