The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration
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By comparing Silurian through end Permian [approximately 250 million years (Myr)] charcoal abundance with contemporaneous macroecological changes in vegetation and climate we aim to demonstrate that long-term variations in fire occurrence and fire system diversification are related to fluctuations in Late Paleozoic atmospheric oxygen concentration. Charcoal, a proxy for fire, occurs in the fossil record from the Late Silurian (approximately 420 Myr) to the present. Its presence at any interval in the fossil record is already taken to constrain atmospheric oxygen within the range of 13% to 35% (the "fire window"). Herein, we observe that, as predicted, atmospheric oxygen levels rise from approximately 13% in the Late Devonian to approximately 30% in the Late Permian so, too, fires progressively occur in an increasing diversity of ecosystems. Sequentially, data of note include: the occurrence of charcoal in the Late Silurian/Early Devonian, indicating the burning of a diminutive, dominantly rhyniophytoid vegetation; an apparent paucity of charcoal in the Middle to Late Devonian that coincides with a predicted atmospheric oxygen low; and the subsequent diversification of fire systems throughout the remainder of the Late Paleozoic. First, fires become widespread during the Early Mississippian, they then become commonplace in mire systems in the Middle Mississippian; in the Pennsylvanian they are first recorded in upland settings and finally, based on coal petrology, become extremely important in many Permian mire settings. These trends conform well to changes in atmospheric oxygen concentration, as predicted by modeling, and indicate oxygen levels are a significant control on long-term fire occurrence.
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Oxygen levels were sufficient to oxygenate some deep ocean basins and deposit gypsum during the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion ∼2.22-2.06 Ga.
“Oxygen levels were sufficient to oxygenate some deep ocean basins23 and deposit gypsum45 during the ‘Lomagundi' carbon isotope excursion234567 ∼2.22–2.06 Ga.”
From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Atmospheric oxygen eventually approached modern levels during ∼0.6-0.4 Ga, with the first compelling evidence for pO2≥0.6 PAL from the appearance of Palaeozoic fossil charcoal at ∼0.4 Ga.
“Atmospheric oxygen eventually approached modern levels611 during ∼0.6–0.4 Ga, with the first compelling evidence for pO2≥0.6 PAL from the appearance of Palaeozoic fossil charcoal23 at ∼0.4 Ga.”
From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
The first appearance of fossil charcoal in the Late Silurian and its ongoing occurrence through the Devonian indicates O2 >15-17% (vol) already by ∼420-400 Ma.
“The first appearance of fossil charcoal in the Late Silurian (11) and its ongoing occurrence through the Devonian (12) (Table S1), albeit rare and at low concentrations, indicates O2 > 15 -17% (vol) of the atmosphere (13) (or O2 > ∼ 0.7 PAL assuming a constant N2 reservoir) already by ∼ 420 -400 Ma.”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The early charcoal record was compiled from the literature using existing compilations and checking them where possible against the original sources.
“The early charcoal record (Table S1) was compiled from the literature (11, 12, 28, 44 -72) using existing compilations (12, 44 -47) and checking them where possible against the original sources.”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Scott, A. C., & Glasspool, I. J.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Field Museum of Natural History (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2006-07-18
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 10861-10865
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1544139
- OpenAlex
- W1991612932
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 10.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Holloway, University of London
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Coal and Its By-products
- Keywords
- atmospheric oxygen concentration, charcoal, Late Paleozoic, Late Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian, coal petrology, paleoclimate, paleovegetation
- MeSH terms
- Air, Charcoal, Biological Evolution, Fires, Oxygen, Time Factors
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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