Hetero-type dual photoanodes for unbiased solar water splitting with extended light harvesting
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Metal oxide semiconductors are promising photoelectrode materials for solar water splitting due to their robustness in aqueous solutions and low cost. Yet, their solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies are still not high enough for practical applications. Here we present a strategy to enhance the efficiency of metal oxides, hetero-type dual photoelectrodes, in which two photoanodes of different bandgaps are connected in parallel for extended light harvesting. Thus, a photoelectrochemical device made of modified BiVO 4 and α-Fe 2 O 3 as dual photoanodes utilizes visible light up to 610 nm for water splitting, and shows stable photocurrents of 7.0±0.2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V RHE under 1 sun irradiation. A tandem cell composed with the dual photoanodes–silicon solar cell demonstrates unbiased water splitting efficiency of 7.7%. These results and concept represent a significant step forward en route to the goal of >10% efficiency required for practical solar hydrogen production.
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The biased photocurrents of HDP (BiVO4||Fe2O3) reached over 8.3 mA cm-2 at 1.15 V RHE, with a stable photocurrent of 6 mA cm-2 recorded for a continuous 8 h, demonstrating water-splitting to 2H2 and O2 gases with almost complete faradaic efficiency.
“The biased photocurrents of HDP (BiVO 4 ||Fe 2 O 3 ) reached over 8.3 mA cm -2 at 1.15 V RHE (Figure 9i), with a stable photocurrent of 6 mA cm -2 recorded for a continuous 8 h, demonstrating water-splitting to 2H 2 and O 2 gases with almost complete faradaic efficiency (Figure 9j,k).”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [250]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUnder actual sunlight, unassisted solar water-splitting with an HDP-PV device tandem cell exhibited a photovoltage of 1.2 V and an STH conversion efficiency of 7.7%, corresponding to the crossing point of performance curves of photoanodes and the solar cell (6.3 mA cm-2).
“Under actual sunlight, unassisted solar water-splitting with an HDP-PV device tandem cell exhibited a photovoltage of 1.2 V and an STH conversion efficiency of 7.7%, corresponding to the crossing point of performance curves of photoanodes and the solar cell (6.3 mA cm -2 ) (Figure 9l,m).”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [250]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKim et al. achieved an unbiased STH water-splitting efficiency of 7.7% using a tandem cell composed of dual photoanodes and a silicon solar cell.
“Kim et al. [250] achieved an unbiased STH water-splitting efficiency of 7.7%, approaching the efficiency goal (>10%) required for practical solar H 2 production using a tandem cell composed of dual photoanodes and a silicon solar cell.”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [250]
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- Authors
- Kim, J. H., Jang, J.-W., Jo, Y. H., Abdi, F. F., Lee, Y. H., van de Krol, R., & Lee, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (KR)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (DE)
- Korea Institute of Energy Research (KR)
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Jae Sung
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2016-12-14
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13380-13380
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5477502
- OpenAlex
- W2567019901
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 20
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HZB Repository (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (2015M1A2A2056824, 10050509, Project No. 10050509)
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2015M1A2A2056824, 2015M1A2A2074663, NRF-2015R1A2A1A10054346, 2009-0093880, 10050509)
- Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (621252)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Iron oxide chemistry and applications
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
- Keywords
- solar water splitting, bismuth vanadate, hematite, metal oxide photoelectrodes, visible light photocatalysis, solar hydrogen production, tandem cells, silicon solar cells, photoelectrochemical water splitting
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