Wind direction and proximity to larval sites determines malaria risk in Kilifi District in Kenya
Open accessAbstract
Studies of the fine-scale spatial epidemiology of malaria consistently identify malaria hotspots, comprising clusters of homesteads at high transmission intensity. These hotspots sustain transmission, and may be targeted by malaria-control programmes. Here we describe the spatial relationship between the location of Anopheles larval sites and human malaria infection in a cohort study of 642 children, aged 1–10-years-old. Our data suggest that proximity to larval sites predict human malaria infection, when homesteads are upwind of larval sites, but not when homesteads are downwind of larval sites. We conclude that following oviposition, female Anophelines fly upwind in search for human hosts and, thus, malaria transmission may be disrupted by targeting vector larval sites in close proximity, and downwind to malaria hotspots. Spatial epidemiology studies identify malaria hotspots, which sustain transmission and so could be targeted by control programmes. This study uses spatial data on larval sites and malaria episodes to show that transmission can be disrupted by targeting vector breeding sites close to and downwind of malaria hotspots.
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These findings suggest that An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. are more likely than An. arabiensis to infect humans in residential places where the vectors co-exist.
“These findings suggest that An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. are more likely than An. arabiensis to infect humans in residential places where the vectors co-exist [79].”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [79]
The Results section (‘Anopheles sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates’) reports mosquitoes caught in houses and says all nine sporozoite-positive specimens were A. gambiae s.s., while none of the 17 tested A. arabiensis were positive. This is consistent with the suggested comparison for those two species, but the paper reports no A. coluzzii data and does not establish a difference in their likelihood of infecting humans where all three co-exist. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Midega, J. T., Smith, D. L., Olotu, A., Mwangangi, J. M., Nzovu, J. G., Wambua, J., Nyangweso, G., Mbogo, C. M., Christophides, G. K., Marsh, K., & Bejon, P.
- Affiliations
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Churchill Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Midega, Janet T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2012-02-14
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 674-674
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3292715
- OpenAlex
- W2093275235
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- Wellcome Trust (092654)
- Imperial College London
- University of Oxford
- Met Office
- National Institutes of Health
- Science and Technology Directorate
- Medical Research Council (EU FP7)
- Fogarty International Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- malaria transmission, wind direction, malaria hotspots, spatial epidemiology, vector breeding sites, malaria control targeting, Kilifi District
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anopheles, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Insect Vectors, Kenya, Larva, Malaria, Male, Mosquito Control, Oviposition, Weather, Wind, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Poisson Distribution, Sporozoites
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