An elasto-mechanical unfeelability cloak made of pentamode metamaterials
Open accessAbstract
Metamaterial-based cloaks make objects different from their surrounding appear just like their surrounding. To date, cloaking has been demonstrated experimentally in many fields of research, including electrodynamics at microwave frequencies, optics, static electric conduction, acoustics, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and quasi two-dimensional solid mechanics. However, cloaking in the seemingly simple case of three-dimensional solid mechanics is more demanding. Here, inspired by invisible core-shell nanoparticles in optics, we design an approximate elasto-mechanical core-shell 'unfeelability' cloak based on pentamode metamaterials. The resulting three-dimensional polymer microstructures with macroscopic overall volume are fabricated by rapid dip-in direct laser writing optical lithography. We quasi-statically deform cloak and control samples in the linear regime and map the displacement fields by autocorrelation-based analysis of recorded movies. The measured and the calculated displacement fields show very good cloaking performance. This means that one can elastically hide objects along these lines.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent approaches managed to create scaffolds bigger than 15 mm3 and offer encouraging preclinical results, underlining the potential of TPP to deliver microstructures of good reproducibility at scale.
“Nevertheless the technology is constantly improving and recent approaches managed to create scaffolds bigger than 15 mm 3 [74,75] and offer encouraging preclinical results [76] underlining the potential of TPP to deliver microstructures of good reproducibility at scale.”
From <i>In vitro</i> degradation and mechanical properties of PLA-PCL copolymer unit cell scaffolds generated by two-photon polymerization (2016) · cites this paper as [76]
The cited paper’s Numerical calculations section describes a fabricated pentamode cloak microstructure with a total volume of 2 mm³, not a scaffold larger than 15 mm³. The preclinical-results phrase has a separate citation [76] and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling Electromagnetic Fields
Pendry, J. B., Schurig, D., & Smith, D. R. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1125907 · Cited by 8,600 · see citing works
Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies
Schurig, D., Mock, J. J., Justice, B. J., Cummer, S. A., Pendry, J. B., Starr, A. F., & Smith, D. R. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133628 · Cited by 7,586 · see citing works
A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials
Hashin, Z., & Shtrikman, S. (1963) · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids · doi:10.1016/0022-5096(63)90060-7 · Cited by 5,925 · see citing works
Leonhardt, U. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1126493 · Cited by 4,127 · see citing works
A Variational Approach to the Theory of the Effective Magnetic Permeability of Multiphase Materials
Hashin, Z., & Shtrikman, S. (1962) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1728579 · Cited by 3,297 · see citing works
(2018) · Physics Subject Headings (PhySH) · doi:10.29172/9bb26fbc-67b8-4a8f-b87f-550ff19924ff · Cited by 2,742 · see citing works
Milton, G. W. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613357 · Cited by 2,249 · see citing works
The Elastic and Thermo-elastic Properties of Composite Media
Kerner, E. H. (1956) · Proceedings of the Physical Society Section B · doi:10.1088/0370-1301/69/8/305 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
Bendsøe, M. P., & Sigmund, O. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05086-6 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Achieving transparency with plasmonic and metamaterial coatings
Alù, A., & Engheta, N. (2005) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.72.016623 · Cited by 1,635 · see citing works
An optical cloak made of dielectrics
Valentine, J., Li, J., Zentgraf, T., Bartal, G., & Zhang, X. (2009) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2461 · Cited by 1,371 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Invisibility Cloak at Optical Wavelengths
Ergin, T., Stenger, N., Brenner, P., Pendry, J. B., & Wegener, M. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1186351 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Self-citationTransformation optics and metamaterials
Chen, H., Chan, C. T., & Sheng, P. (2010) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2743 · Cited by 1,215 · see citing works
On cloaking for elasticity and physical equations with a transformation invariant form
Milton, G. W., Briane, M., & Willis, J. R. (2006) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/8/10/248 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Broadband Acoustic Cloak for Ultrasound Waves
Zhang, S., Xia, C., & Fang, N. X. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.024301 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Dielectric Optical CloakPreprint
Valentine, J., Li, J., Zentgraf, T., et al. (2009) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0904.3602 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies
Gabrielli, L. H., Cardenas, J., Poitras, C. B., & Lipson, M. (2009) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2009.117 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Experiments on Transformation Thermodynamics: Molding the Flow of Heat
Schittny, R., Kadic, M., Guenneau, S. R. L., et al. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.195901 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental Demonstration of a Bilayer Thermal Cloak
Han, T., Bai, X. B., Gao, D., et al. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.054302 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
On the practicability of pentamode mechanical metamaterials
Kadic, M., Bückmann, T., Stenger, N., Thiel, M., & Wegener, M. (2012) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4709436 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Self-citationTailoring materials with prescribed elastic properties
Sigmund, O. (1995) · Mechanics of Materials · doi:10.1016/0167-6636(94)00069-7 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Metamaterials beyond electromagnetism
Kadic, M., Bückmann, T., Schittny, R., & Wegener, M. (2013) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/76/12/126501 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Self-citationWhich Elasticity Tensors are Realizable?
Milton, G. W., & Cherkaev, A. V. (1995) · Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology · doi:10.1115/1.2804743 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Experimental Acoustic Ground Cloak in Air
Popa, B.-I., Zigoneanu, L., & Cummer, S. A. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.253901 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Ultrathin Three-Dimensional Thermal Cloak
Xu, H., Shi, X., Gao, F., et al. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.054301 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
SOLYMAR, L., & Shamonina, E. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199215331.001.0001 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Experiments on Elastic Cloaking in Thin Plates
Stenger, N., Wilhelm, M., & Wegener, M. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.014301 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationBroadband Cylindrical Acoustic Cloak for Linear Surface Waves in a Fluid
Farhat, M., Enoch, S., Guenneau, S. R. L., et al. (2008) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.101.134501 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Geometry and light: The science of invisibility
Leonhardt, U. (2013) · doi:10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801919 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
dc Electric Invisibility Cloak
Yang, F., Mei, Z., Jin, T. Y., et al. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.053902 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Cloak Based on the Cancellation of Acoustic Scattering from a Sphere
Sánchis, L., García-Chocano, V. M., Llopis-Pontiveros, R., Climente, A., Martínez‐Pastor, J. P., Cervera, F., & Sánchez‐Dehesa, J. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.124301 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Topology optimized low-contrast all-dielectric optical cloak
Andkjær, J., & Sigmund, O. (2011) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3540687 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Elastic measurements on macroscopic three-dimensional pentamode metamaterials
Schittny, R., Bückmann, T., Kadic, M., et al. (2013) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4838663 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Introduction to Metamaterials and Waves in Composites
Banerjee, B. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11814 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
An introduction to metamaterials and waves in composites
Banerjee, B. (2011) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70191-2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Thin low-loss dielectric coatings for free-space cloaking
Urzhumov, Y. A., Landy, N. I., Driscoll, T., et al. (2013) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.38.001606 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Elastic wave transparency of a solid sphere coated with metamaterials
Zhou, X., Hu, G., & Lu, T. (2008) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.77.024101 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stress-wave energy management through material anisotropy
Amirkhizi, A. V., Tehranian, A., & Nemat‐Nasser, S. (2010) · Wave Motion · doi:10.1016/j.wavemoti.2010.03.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The effect of shear on acoustic cloaking
Smith, J. D., & Verrier, P. E. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2010.0646 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Eberl, C., Thompson, R. J. & Gianola, D. S. Free digital image correlation and tracking functions. Preprint at http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/ fileexchange/12413.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Flexible mechanical metamaterials
Bertoldi, K., Vitelli, V., Christensen, J., & van Hecke, M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.66 · Cited by 1,867 · see citing works
Programmable Mechanical Metamaterials
Florijn, B., Coulais, C., & van Hecke, M. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.175503 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Origami Multistability: From Single Vertices to Metasheets
Waitukaitis, S., Menaut, R., Chen, B. G.-G., & van Hecke, M. (2015) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.055503 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Designing perturbative metamaterials from discrete models
Matlack, K. H., Serra-Garcia, M., Palermo, A., Huber, S. D., & Daraio, C. (2018) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-017-0003-3 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Felfel, R. M., Poocza, L., Gimeno-Fabra, M., Milde, T., Hildebrand, G., Ahmed, I., Scotchford, C., Sottile, V., Grant, D. M., & Liefeith, K. (2016) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-6041/11/1/015011 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bückmann, T., Thiel, M., Kadic, M., Schittny, R., & Wegener, M.
- Affiliations
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bückmann, T.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2014-06-19
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4130-4130
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999303985
- Cited by
- 623
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 58.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Hector Fellow Academy
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research
- Keywords
- pentamode metamaterials, core-shell nanoparticles, photolithography, polymer microstructure, invisibility
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
