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Cited by 921Pulsars and Gravitational Waves ResearchMechanical and Optical ResonatorsQuantum Information and Cryptography

A gravitational wave observatory operating beyond the quantum shot-noise limit

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The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abernathy, M., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. +608 more·2011·Nature Physics
DOI 10.1038/nphys2083
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Abstract

Around the globe several observatories are seeking the first direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs). These waves are predicted by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity [Einstein, A., Annalen der Physik 49, 769-822 (1916)] and are generated e.g. by black-hole binary systems [Sathyaprakash, B. S. and Schutz, B. F., Living Rev. Relativity 12, 2 (2009)]. Current GW detectors are Michelson-type kilometer-scale laser interferometers measuring the distance changes between in vacuum suspended mirrors. The sensitivity of these detectors at frequencies above several hundred hertz is limited by the vacuum (zero-point) fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. A quantum technology - the injection of squeezed light [Caves, C. M., Phys. Rev. D 23, 1693-1708 (1981)] - offers a solution to this problem. Here we demonstrate the squeezed-light enhancement of GEO600, which will be the GW observatory operated by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration in its search for GWs for the next 3-4 years. GEO600 now operates with its best ever sensitivity, which proves the usefulness of quantum entanglement and the qualification of squeezed light as a key technology for future GW astronomy.

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  • For the GEO600 experiment with reported overall optical transmission η=0.62, the theoretically predicted maximal quantum enhancement is a factor reduction in estimation uncertainty compared with the classical limit.

    “For the reported overall optical transmission η=0.62, the theoretically predicted maximal quantum enhancement amounts to a factor reduction in estimation uncertainty compared with the classical limit.”

    From The elusive Heisenberg limit in quantum-enhanced metrology (2012) · cites this paper as [17]

  • The reported experimentally observed reduction in estimation uncertainty in the GEO600 experiment was a factor of 0.67.

    “The reported experimentally observed reduction was a factor of 0.67, which is an indication that the experiment operates close to the fundamental quantum limit and any significant improvement is possible only if the optical loss is further reduced.”

    From The elusive Heisenberg limit in quantum-enhanced metrology (2012) · cites this paper as [17]

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The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abernathy, M., Adams, C., Adhikari, R., Affeldt, C., Allen, B., Allen, G. S., Amador Ceron, E., Amariutei, D., Amin, R. S., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Arai, K., Arain, M. A., Araya, M. C., Aston, S. M., Atkinson, D., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Aylott, B. E., Babak, S., Baker, P., Ballmer, S., Barker, D., Barr, B., Barriga, P., Barsotti, L., Barton, M. A., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Bastarrika, M., Batch, J., Bauchrowitz, J., Behnke, B., Bell, A. S., Belopolski, I., Benacquista, M., Berliner, J. M., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Beveridge, N., Beyersdorf, P. T., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Biswas, R., Black, E., Blackburn, J. K., Blackburn, L., Blair, D., Bland, B., Bock, O., Bodiya, T. P., Bogan, C., Bondarescu, R., Bork, R., Born, M., Bose, S., Brady, P. R., Braginsky, V. B., Brau, J. E., Breyer, J., Bridges, D. O., Brinkmann, M., Britzger, M., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. A., Brummitt, A., Buonanno, A., Burguet-Castell, J., Burmeister, O., Byer, R. L., Cadonati, L., Camp, J. B., Campsie, P., Cannizzo, J., Cannon, K., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Caride, S., Caudill, S., Cavagliá, M., Cepeda, C., Chalermsongsak, T., Chalkley, E., Charlton, P., Chelkowski, S., Chen, Y., Christensen, N., Cho, H., Chua, S. S. Y., Chung, S., Chung, C. T. Y., Ciani, G., Clara, F., Clark, D. E., Clark, J., Clayton, J. H., Conte, R., Cook, D., Corbitt, T. R., Cordier, M., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, M., Couvares, P., Coward, D. M., Coyne, D. C., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cruise, A. M., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cutler, R. M., Dahl, K., Danilishin, S. L., Dannenberg, R., Danzmann, K., Daudert, B., Daveloza, H., Davies, G., Daw, E. J., Dayanga, T., DeBra, D., Degallaix, J., Dent, T., Dergachev, V., DeRosa, R., DeSalvo, R., Dhurandhar, S., DiGuglielmo, J., Di Palma, I., Díaz, M., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Dorsher, S., Drever, R. W. P., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Dumas, J.-C., Dwyer, S., Eberle, T., Edgar, M., Edwards, M., Effler, A., Ehrens, P., Engel, R., Etzel, T., Evans, K., Evans, M., Evans, T., Factourovich, M., Fairhurst, S., Fan, Y., Farr, B. F., Farr, W., Fazi, D., Fehrmann, H., Feldbaum, D., Finn, L. S., Fisher, R. P., Flanigan, M., Foley, S., Forsi, E., Fotopoulos, N., Frede, M., Frei, M., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Fricke, T. T., Friedrich, D., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P. J., Fyffe, M., Ganija, M. R., Garcia, J., Garofoli, J. A., Geng, R., Gergely, L. Á., Gholami, I., Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giampanis, S., Giardina, K. D., Gill, C., Goetz, E., Goggin, L. M., González, G., Gorodetsky, M. L., Goßler, S., Graef, C., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Gray, N., Greenhalgh, R. J. S., Gretarsson, A. M., Grosso, R., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Guido, C., Gupta, R., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Ha, T., Hage, B., Hallam, J. M., Hammer, D., Hammond, G., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hanson, J., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Harstad, E. D., Hartman, M. T., Haughian, K., Hayama, K., Heefner, J., Heintze, M. C., Hendry, M. A., Heng, I. S., Heptonstall, A. W., Herrera, V., Hewitson, M., Hild, S., Hoak, D., Hodge, K. A., Holt, K., Hong, T., Hooper, S., Hosken, D. J., Hough, J., Howell, E. J., Hughey, B., Huynh-Dinh, T., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Ingram, D. R., Inta, R., Isogai, T., Ivanov, A., Izumi, K., Jacobson, M., Jang, H., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, G., Jones, R., Ju, L., Kalmus, P., Kalogera, V., Kamaretsos, I., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, H., Kawabe, K., Kawamura, S., Kawazoe, F., Kells, W., Keppel, D. G., Keresztes, Z., Khalaidovski, A., Khalili, F. Y., Khazanov, E. A., Kim, B., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, H., Kim, K., Kim, N., Kim, Y.-M., King, P. J., Kinsey, M., Kinzel, D. L., Kissel, J. S., Klimenko, S., Kokeyama, K., Kondrashov, V., Kopparapu, R., Koranda, S., Korth, W. Z., Kozak, D., Kringel, V., Krishnamurthy, S., Krishnan, B., Kuehn, G., Kumar, R., Kwee, P., Lam, P. K., Landry, M., Lang, M., Lantz, B., Lastzka, N., Lawrie, C., Lazzarini, A., Leaci, P., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. M., Leindecker, N., Leong, J. R., Leonor, I., Li, J., Lindquist, P. E., Lockerbie, N. A., Lodhia, D., Lormand, M., Luan, J., Lubinski, M., Lück, H., Lundgren, A. P., Macdonald, E., Machenschalk, B., MacInnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Mageswaran, M., Mailand, K., Mandel, I., Mandic, V., Marandi, A., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Markosyan, A., Maros, E., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Marx, J. N., Mason, K., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Matzner, R. A., Mavalvala, N., Mazzolo, G., McCarthy, R., McClelland, D. E., McGuire, S. C., McIntyre, G., McIver, J., McKechan, D. J. A., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Meier, T., Melatos, A., Melissinos, A. C., Mendell, G., Menendez, D., Mercer, R. A., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Meyer, M. S., Miao, H., Miller, J., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Miyakawa, O., Moe, B., Moesta, P., Mohanty, S. D., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Mori, T., Mossavi, K., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mueller, C. L., Mueller, G., Mukherjee, S., Mullavey, A., Müller-Ebhardt, H., Munch, J., Murphy, D., Murray, P. G., Mytidis, A., Nash, T., Nawrodt, R., Necula, V., Nelson, J., Newton, G., Nishizawa, A., Nolting, D., Nuttall, L., O’Dell, J., O’Reilly, B., O’Shaughnessy, R., Ochsner, E., Oelker, E., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ogin, G. H., Oldenburg, R. G., Osthelder, C., Ott, C. D., Ottaway, D. J., Ottens, R. S., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Page, A., Pan, Y., Pankow, C., Papa, M. A., Ajith, P., Patel, P., Pedraza, M., Peiris, P., Pekowsky, L., Penn, S., Peralta, C., Perreca, A., Phelps, M., Pickenpack, M., Pinto, I. M., Pitkin, M., Pletsch, H. J., Plissi, M. V., Pöld, J., Postiglione, F., Predoi, V., Price, L. 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A., Shaltev, M., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Shoemaker, D. H., Sibley, A., Siemens, X., Sigg, D., Singer, A., Singer, L., Sintes, A. M., Skelton, G., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Slutsky, J., Smith, R. J. E., Smith, J. R., Smith, M. R., Smith, N. D., Somiya, K., Sorazu, B., Soto, J., Speirits, F. C., Stein, A. J., Steinert, E., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steplewski, S., Stefszky, M., Stochino, A., Stone, R., Strain, K. A., Strigin, S., Stroeer, A. S., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Sung, M., Susmithan, S., Sutton, P. J., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. B., Tarabrin, S. P., Taylor, J. R., Taylor, R., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Thorne, K. S., Thrane, E., Thüring, A., Titsler, C., Tokmakov, K. V., Torres, C., Torrie, C. I., Traylor, G., Trias, M., Tseng, K., Ugolini, D., Urbanek, K., Vahlbruch, H., Vallisneri, M., van Veggel, A. A., Vass, S., Vaulin, R., Vecchio, A., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. J., Veltkamp, C., Villar, A. E., Vitale, S., Vorvick, C., Vyatchanin, S. P., Wade, A., Waldman, S. J., Wallace, L., Wan, Y., Wanner, A., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Ward, R. L., Wei, P., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Wen, L., Wen, S., Wessels, P., West, M., Westphal, T., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., Whitcomb, S. E., White, D., Whiting, B. F., Wilkinson, C., Willems, P. A., Williams, H. R., Williams, L., Willke, B., Winkelmann, L., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wittel, H., Wiseman, A. G., Woan, G., Wooley, R., Worden, J., Yablon, J., Yakushin, I., Yamamoto, K., Yamamoto, H., Yang, H., Yeaton-Massey, D., Yoshida, S., Yu, P., Zanolin, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Zhao, C., Zotov, N., Zucker, M. E., & Zweizig, J.
Affiliations
  • California Institute of Technology (US)
  • California State University, Fullerton (US)
  • University of Glasgow (GB)
  • LIGO Scientific Collaboration (US)
  • Leibniz University Hannover (DE)
  • Stanford University (US)
  • University of Florida (US)
  • Louisiana State University (US)
  • University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
  • University of Birmingham (GB)
  • Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (DE)
  • Montana State University (US)
  • Syracuse University (US)
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Columbia University (US)
  • Texas Southmost College (US)
  • San Jose State University (US)
  • Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
  • Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
  • Washington State University (US)
  • University of Oregon (US)
  • Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB)
  • Max Planck Society (DE)
  • University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Tsinghua University (CN)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • Charles Sturt University (AU)
  • Carleton College (US)
  • Pusan National University (KR)
  • Australian National University (AU)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • Cardiff University (GB)
  • University of Salerno (IT)
  • University of Sheffield (GB)
  • Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IN)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
  • Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
  • The University of Adelaide (AU)
  • University of Szeged (HU)
  • Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach Florida Campus (US)
  • National Institute for Mathematical Sciences (KR)
  • National Institutes of Natural Sciences (JP)
  • Universitat de les Illes Balears (ES)
  • Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KR)
  • University of Southampton (GB)
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
  • Institute of Applied Physics (RU)
  • Lund University (SE)
  • Hanyang University (KR)
  • Seoul National University (KR)
  • University of Strathclyde (GB)
  • Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (US)
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  • Rochester Institute of Technology (US)
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Corresponding author
Schnabel, R.
ORCID
Venue
Nature Physics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-09-11
Volume
7
Issue
12
Pages
962-965
ISSN
  • 1745-2473 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-2481
DOI
10.1038/nphys2083
OpenAlex
W2034616707
Semantic Scholar
fc3e151b37a004db3bfe7d69b1b40cf11b032952
Cited by
921
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 46 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 40
FWCI
27.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Physics (publishedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
  • ScholarWorks @ UTRGV (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley) (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
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  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
  • ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion)
  • ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • David and Lucile Packard Foundation
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
  • International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology
  • Leverhulme Trust
  • Royal Society
  • Scottish Funding Council
  • Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
  • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  • Volkswagen Foundation
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
  • Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
  • International Max Planck Research School for Advanced Methods in Process and Systems Engineering
  • Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
  • Govern de les Illes Balears
  • Science and Technology Facilities Council
  • Australian Research Council
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22740128)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Mechanical and Optical Resonators
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
Keywords
squeezed light, gravitational wave detection, GEO 600, quantum noise reduction, quantum entanglement, Michelson interferometer, vacuum fluctuations

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