Cited by 567Brain Metastases and TreatmentGlioma Diagnosis and TreatmentBarrier Structure and Function Studies

The biology of brain metastases—translation to new therapies

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Eichler, April F., Chung, Euiheon, Kodack, David P., Loeffler, Jay S., Fukumura, Dai, Jain, Rakesh K.·2011·Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

Abstract

Brain metastases are a serious obstacle in the treatment of patients with solid tumors and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of these cancers. It is speculated that the frequency of brain metastasis is increasing for several reasons, including improved systemic therapy and survival, and detection of metastases in asymptomatic patients. The lack of preclinical models that recapitulate the clinical setting and the exclusion of patients with brain metastases from most clinical trials have slowed progress. Molecular factors contributing to brain metastases are being elucidated, such as genes involved in cell adhesion, extravasation, metabolism, and cellular signaling. Furthermore, the role of the unique brain microenvironment is beginning to be explored. Although the presence and function of the blood-brain barrier in metastatic tumors is still poorly understood, it is likely that some tumor cells are protected from therapeutics by the blood-tumor barrier, creating a sanctuary site. This Review discusses what is known about the biology of brain metastases, what preclinical models are available to study the disease, and which novel therapeutic strategies are being studied in patients.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.58

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Authors
Eichler, A. F., Chung, E., Kodack, D. P., Loeffler, J. S., Fukumura, D., & Jain, R. K.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Jain, Rakesh K.
Venue
Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology
Published
2011-04-12
Volume
8
Issue
6
Pages
344-356
ISSN
  • 1759-4774 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-4782
OpenAlex
W2355495448
Cited by
567
References
158
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 30
FWCI
5.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (R01CA115767, T32CA073479, R01CA085140, R01CA096915, R35CA056591, R24CA085140, P01CA080124, R01CA126642, R21CA135605, U01CA062490)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Brain Metastases and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Keywords
brain metastases, solid tumors, preclinical models, metastasis biology, cell adhesion, extravasation, brain microenvironment, blood-tumor barrier, sanctuary sites, novel therapeutic strategies, signal transduction, cancer metabolism
MeSH terms
Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Bone Neoplasms, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Neoplasms

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