The biology of brain metastases—translation to new therapies
Open accessAbstract
Brain metastases are a serious obstacle in the treatment of patients with solid tumors and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of these cancers. It is speculated that the frequency of brain metastasis is increasing for several reasons, including improved systemic therapy and survival, and detection of metastases in asymptomatic patients. The lack of preclinical models that recapitulate the clinical setting and the exclusion of patients with brain metastases from most clinical trials have slowed progress. Molecular factors contributing to brain metastases are being elucidated, such as genes involved in cell adhesion, extravasation, metabolism, and cellular signaling. Furthermore, the role of the unique brain microenvironment is beginning to be explored. Although the presence and function of the blood-brain barrier in metastatic tumors is still poorly understood, it is likely that some tumor cells are protected from therapeutics by the blood-tumor barrier, creating a sanctuary site. This Review discusses what is known about the biology of brain metastases, what preclinical models are available to study the disease, and which novel therapeutic strategies are being studied in patients.
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35th ESMO Congress Organization
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Self-citation
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The blood–brain barrier: Structure, regulation and drug delivery
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“30,31 Capillaries are the major site of the BBB.”
BackgroundNormalizing Tumor Microenvironment to Treat Cancer: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers
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Self-citationCarcinoma–astrocyte gap junctions promote brain metastasis by cGAMP transfer
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Eichler, A. F., Chung, E., Kodack, D. P., Loeffler, J. S., Fukumura, D., & Jain, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jain, Rakesh K.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology
- Published
- 2011-04-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 344-356
- ISSN
- 1759-4774 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4782
- PMC
- PMC3259742
- OpenAlex
- W2355495448
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA115767, T32CA073479, R01CA085140, R01CA096915, R35CA056591, R24CA085140, P01CA080124, R01CA126642, R21CA135605, U01CA062490)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Brain Metastases and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- brain metastases, solid tumors, preclinical models, metastasis biology, cell adhesion, extravasation, brain microenvironment, blood-tumor barrier, sanctuary sites, novel therapeutic strategies, signal transduction, cancer metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Bone Neoplasms, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Neoplasms
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