The DOI matches its Crossref record; 179 of the 181 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Design and development of polymers for gene delivery
Abstract
The lack of safe and efficient gene-delivery methods is a limiting obstacle to human gene therapy. Synthetic gene-delivery agents, although safer than recombinant viruses, generally do not possess the required efficacy. In recent years, a variety of effective polymers have been designed specifically for gene delivery, and much has been learned about their structure-function relationships. With the growing understanding of polymer gene-delivery mechanisms and continued efforts of creative polymer chemists, it is likely that polymer-based gene-delivery systems will become an important tool for human gene therapy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As an alternative, non-viral vectors may offer tantalizing possibility in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery with respect to their low immunogenicity, absence of endogenous virus recombination, less limitation in delivering larger genetic payloads and ease of large-scale production [73–75].”
From Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“There are two main limitations of non-viral vectors-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery in vivo. The first one is the serum stability of polyplexes after systemic administration [73]. The second one is the relatively low transfection efficiency in the targeted tissues after administration in vivo [76, 77].”
From Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Besides, in contrast with viral vectors, cumulative editing efficacy can be obtained after multiple administrations of non-viral vectors-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery owing to limited immune responses [73, 74, 116, 138].”
From Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Nanoparticles smaller than 9 nm can passively diffuse through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), while larger ones requiring the assistance of import proteins (e.g., importins) to actively shuttle them into the nucleus [73].”
From Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
Citations
Cites
Boussif, O., Lezoualc’h, F., Zanta, M. A., Djavaheri‐Mergny, M., Scherman, D., DEMENEIX, B. A., & Behr, J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7297 · Cited by 6,256
Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure.
Felgner, P. L., Gadek, T. R., Holm, M., Roman, R., Chan, H. W., Wenz, M., Northrop, J. P., RINGOLD, G. M., & Danielsen, M. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.21.7413 · Cited by 4,954
Tomalia, D. A., Naylor, A. M., & Goddard, W. A. (1990) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English · doi:10.1002/anie.199001381 · Cited by 3,222
Receptor Binding and Membrane Fusion in Virus Entry: The Influenza Hemagglutinin
Skehel, J. J., & Wiley, D. C. (2000) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.531 · Cited by 2,706
Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease.
Cavazzana-Calvo, M., Hacein-Bey, S., Basile, G. D. S., Gross, F., Yvon, E., Nusbaum, P., Selz, F., Hue, C., Certain, S., Casanova, J., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.669 · Cited by 2,703
Cyclodextrin-based pharmaceutics: past, present and future
Davis, M. E., & Brewster, M. E. (2004) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1576 · Cited by 2,057
The Basic Science of Gene Therapy
Mulligan, R. C. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8493530 · Cited by 1,741
Gene therapy - promises, problems and prospects
Verma, I. M., & Somia, N. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/38410 · Cited by 1,681
T Lymphocyte-Directed Gene Therapy for ADA − SCID: Initial Trial Results After 4 Years
Blaese, R. M., Culver, K. W., Miller, A. D., Carter, C. S., Fleisher, T. A., Clerici, M., Shearer, G. M., Chang, L., Chiang, Y. L., Tolstoshev, P., et al. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5235.475 · Cited by 1,546
Mukherjee, S., Ghosh, R. K., & Maxfield, F. R. (1997) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.759 · Cited by 1,338
An Inverted Hexagonal Phase of Cationic Liposome-DNA Complexes Related to DNA Release and Delivery
Koltover, I., Salditt, T., Rädler, J. O., & Safinya, C. R. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5373.78 · Cited by 1,336
Polyamidoamine cascade polymers mediate efficient transfection of cells in culture
Haensler, J., & Szoka, F. C. (1993) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc00023a012 · Cited by 1,208
Ogris, M., Brunner, S., Schüller, S., Kircheis, R., & Wagner, E. (1999) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300900 · Cited by 1,178
Khuri, F. R., Nemunaitis, J. J., Ganly, I., Arseneau, J. C., Tannock, I. F., Romel, L., Gore, M. E., Ironside, J. A. D., MacDougall, R. H., Heise, C. C., et al. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/78638 · Cited by 1,099
Chloride Accumulation and Swelling in Endosomes Enhances DNA Transfer by Polyamine-DNA Polyplexes
Sonawane, N. D., Szoka, F. C., & Verkman, A. S. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m308643200 · Cited by 1,083
Kay, M. A., Manno, C. S., Ragni, M. V., Larson, P. J., Couto, L. B., McClelland, A., Glader, B. E., Chew, A. K., Tai, S. J., Herzog, R. W., et al. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/73464 · Cited by 1,019
The proton sponge: a trick to enter cells the viruses did not exploit
Behr, J.-P. (1997) · CHIMIA · doi:10.2533/chimia.1997.34 · Cited by 933
Degradable poly (β-amino esters): synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly with plasmid DNA
Lynn, D. M., & Langer, R. (2000) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja0015388 · Cited by 924
Receptor-mediated in vitro gene transformation by a soluble DNA carrier system.
Wu, G. Y., & Wu, C. H. (1987) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61209-8 · Cited by 855
Tang, M., & Szoka, F. C. (1997) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300454 · Cited by 814
In Vitro Gene Delivery by Degraded Polyamidoamine Dendrimers
Tang, M. X., Redemann, C. T., & Szoka, F. C. (1996) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc9600630 · Cited by 809
Evidence for the role of proteoglycans in cation-mediated gene transfer.
Mislick, K. A., & Baldeschwieler, J. D. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.22.12349 · Cited by 774
Size-dependent DNA Mobility in Cytoplasm and Nucleus
Lukács, G. L., Haggie, P. M., Seksek, O., Lechardeur, D., Freedman, N. D., & Verkman, A. S. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.3.1625 · Cited by 752
Mishra, S., Webster, P. C., & Davis, M. E. (2004) · European Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00363 · Cited by 740
Plank, C., Oberhauser, B., Mechtler, K., Koch, C., & Wagner, E. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99963-1 · Cited by 666
Wagner, E., Plank, C., Zatloukal, K., Cotten, M. L., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.17.7934 · Cited by 657
Transferrin-polycation conjugates as carriers for DNA uptake into cells.
Wagner, E., Zenke, M., Cotten, M. L., Beug, H., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3410 · Cited by 655
Receptor-mediated gene delivery and expression in vivo.
Wu, G. Y., & Wu, C. H. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68081-0 · Cited by 636
Mechanism of oligonucleotide release from cationic liposomes.
Zelphati, O., & Szoka, F. C. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11493 · Cited by 634
Metabolic instability of plasmid DNA in the cytosol: a potential barrier to gene transfer
Lechardeur, D., Sohn, K.-J., Haardt, M., Joshi, P. B., Monck, M. A., Graham, R. W., Beatty, B., Squire, J. A., O'Brodovich, H. M., & Lukács, G. L. (1999) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300867 · Cited by 632
Abdallah, B., Hassan, A., Benoist, C., Goula, D., Behr, J. P., & DEMENEIX, B. A. (1996) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1996.7.16-1947 · Cited by 541
Cell cycle dependence of gene transfer by lipoplex, polyplex and recombinant adenovirus
Brunner, S., Sauer, T., Carotta, S., Cotten, M. L., Saltik, M., & Wagner, E. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301102 · Cited by 534
Vector unpacking as a potential barrier for receptor-mediated polyplex gene delivery
Schaffer, D. V., Fidelman, N. A., Dan, N. R., & Lauffenburger, D. A. (2000) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(20000305)67:5 · Cited by 526
Efficient Gene Transfer by Histidylated Polylysine/pDNA Complexes
Midoux, P., & Monsigny, M. L. P. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc9801070 · Cited by 513
Polylysine-based transfection systems utilizing receptor-mediated delivery
Zauner, W., Ogris, M., & Wagner, E. (1998) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00110-5 · Cited by 512
Polymer-based gene delivery with low cytotoxicity by a unique balance of side-chain termini
Putnam, D. A., Gentry, C. A., Pack, D. W., & Langer, R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.3.1200 · Cited by 510
Self-citationEnhancing polyethylenimine's delivery of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells
Thomas, M., & Klibanov, A. M. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.192581499 · Cited by 494
Wagner, E., Cotten, M. L., Foisner, R., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4255 · Cited by 484
Wagner, E., Zatloukal, K., Cotten, M. L., Kirlappos, H., Mechtler, K., Curiel, D., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.6099 · Cited by 481
Efficient Gene Transfer Using Reversibly Cross-Linked Low Molecular Weight Polyethylenimine
Gosselin, M. A., Guo, W., & Lee, R. J. (2001) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc0100455 · Cited by 461
Wyman, T. B., Nicol, F., Zelphati, O., Scaria, P. V., Plank, C., & Szoka, F. C. (1997) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi9618474 · Cited by 454
Adenovirus enhancement of transferrin-polylysine-mediated gene delivery.
Curiel, D. T., Agarwal, S., Wagner, E., & Cotten, M. L. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.19.8850 · Cited by 423
The design and synthesis of polymers for eukaryotic membrane disruption
Murthy, N., Robichaud, J. R., Tirrell, D. A., Stayton, P. S., & Hoffman, A. S. (1999) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00114-5 · Cited by 403
Self-citationHindered diffusion of inert tracer particles in the cytoplasm of mouse 3T3 cells.
Luby‐Phelps, K., Castle, P. E., Taylor, D. L., & Lanni, F. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.14.4910 · Cited by 399
Lynn, D. M., Anderson, D. G., Putnam, D. A., & Langer, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja016288p · Cited by 395
Ionization of Poly(ethylenimine) and Poly(allylamine) at Various pH′s
Suh, J., Paik, H., & Hwang, B. K. (1994) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1006/bioo.1994.1025 · Cited by 393
A Degradable Polyethylenimine Derivative with Low Toxicity for Highly Efficient Gene Delivery
Forrest, M. L., Koerber, J. T., & Pack, D. W. (2003) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc034014g · Cited by 387
Self-citationDash, P. R., Read, M. L., Barrett, L. B., Wolfert, M. A., & Seymour, L. W. (1999) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300843 · Cited by 386
A peptide nucleic acid–nuclear localization signal fusion that mediates nuclear transport of DNA
Brandén, L. J., Mohamed, A. J., & Smith, C. I. E. (1999) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/11726 · Cited by 376
Polyethylenimine-based intravenous delivery of transgenes to mouse lung
Goula, D., Benoist, C., Mantero, S., Merlo, G. R., Levi, G., & DEMENEIX, B. A. (1998) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300717 · Cited by 374
Efficient active transport of gene nanocarriers to the cell nucleus
Suh, J., Wirtz, D., & Hanes, J. S. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0636277100 · Cited by 362
Coupling of cell-binding ligands to polyethylenimine for targeted gene delivery
Kircheis, R., Kichler, A., Wallner, G., Kursa, M., Ogris, M., Felzmann, T., Buchberger, M., & Wagner, E. (1997) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300418 · Cited by 359
Grimm, D., & Kay, M. A. (2003) · Current Gene Therapy · doi:10.2174/1566523034578285 · Cited by 351
Transferrin-Containing, Cyclodextrin Polymer-Based Particles for Tumor-Targeted Gene Delivery
Bellocq, N. C., Pun, S. H., Jensen, G. S., & Davis, M. E. (2003) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc034125f · Cited by 350
Self-citationKircheis, R., Wightman, L., Schreiber, A. D., Robitza, B., Roessler, V., Kursa, M., & Wagner, E. (2001) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301351 · Cited by 350
Liu, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01140.x · Cited by 346
In Vitro Gene Delivery to Hepatocytes with Galactosylated Polyethylenimine
Zanta, M.-A., Boussif, O., Adib, A., & Behr, J. (1997) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc970098f · Cited by 339
Receptor-mediated gene delivery in vivo. Partial correction of genetic analbuminemia in Nagase rats
Wu, G. Y., Wilson, J. M., Shalaby, F., S, M. G. B., Shafritz, D. A., & Wu, C. H. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98689-8 · Cited by 338
Cotten, M. L., Längle-Rouault, F., Kirlappos, H., Wagner, E., Mechtler, K., Zenke, M., Beug, H., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.11.4033 · Cited by 337
Plank, C., Zatloukal, K., Cotten, M. L., Mechtler, K., & Wagner, E. (1992) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc00018a012 · Cited by 324
Cotten, M. L., Wagner, E., Zatloukal, K., Phillips, S., Curiel, D. T., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.6094 · Cited by 319
New Class of Polymers for the Delivery of Macromolecular Therapeutics
Gonzalez, H., Hwang, S., & Davis, M. E. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc990072j · Cited by 312
Goula, D., Rémy, J.-S., Erbacher, P., Wąsowicz, M., Levi, G., Abdallah, B., & DEMENEIX, B. A. (1998) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300635 · Cited by 309
Perales, J. C., Ferkol, T. W., Beegen, H., Ratnoff, O. D., & Hanson, R. W. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.4086 · Cited by 301
Cyclodextrin-Modified Polyethylenimine Polymers for Gene Delivery
Pun, S. H., Bellocq, N. C., Liu, A., Jensen, G., Machemer, T., Quijano, E., Schluep, T., Wen, S.-F., Engler, H., Heidel, J. D., et al. (2004) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc049891g · Cited by 297
Self-citationThe pH-dependent bilayer destabilization by an amphipathic peptide
Subbarao, N. K., Parente, R. A., Szoka, F. C., Nádasdi, L., & Pongracz, K. (1987) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00385a002 · Cited by 297
Bulmuş, V. (2003) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.06.001 · Cited by 290
Wu, C. H., Wilson, J. M., & Wu, G. Y. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71447-6 · Cited by 286
Specific gene transfer mediated by lactosylated poly-L-lysine into hepatoma cells
Midoux, P., Mendes, C., Legrand, A., Raimond, J., Mayer, R., Monsigny, M. L. P., & Roche, A. (1993) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/21.4.871 · Cited by 285
Zenke, M., Steinlein, P., Wagner, E., Cotten, M. L., Beug, H., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.10.3655 · Cited by 272
DNA vector chemistry: The covalent attachment of signal peptides to plasmid DNA
Sebestyén, M. G., Ludtke, J. J., Bassik, M. C., Zhang, G., Budker, V. G., Lukhtanov, E. A., Hagstrom, J. E., & Wolff, J. A. (1998) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0198-80 · Cited by 270
A polymer library approach to suicide gene therapy for cancer
Anderson, D. G., Peng, W., Akinc, A., Hossain, N., Kohn, A., Padera, R. F., Langer, R., & Sawicki, J. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407218101 · Cited by 258
Wolfert, M. A., Dash, P. R., Nazarova, O. V., Oupický, D., Seymour, L. W., Smart, S., Strohalm, J., & Ulbrich, K. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc990025r · Cited by 253
Erbacher, P., Roche, A., Monsigny, M. L. P., & Midoux, P. (1996) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1006/excr.1996.0169 · Cited by 252
Partial Acetylation of Polyethylenimine Enhances In Vitro Gene Delivery
Forrest, M. L., Meister, G. E., Koerber, J. T., & Pack, D. W. (2004) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/b:pham.0000016251.42392.1e · Cited by 252
Self-citationMannose Polyethylenimine Conjugates for Targeted DNA Delivery into Dendritic Cells
Diebold, S. S., Kursa, M., Wagner, E., Cotten, M. L., & Zenke, M. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.27.19087 · Cited by 248
Toncheva, V. D., Wolfert, M. A., Dash, P. R., Oupický, D., Ulbrich, K., Seymour, L. W., & Schacht, E. H. (1998) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00004-x · Cited by 243
Nuclear targeting peptide scaffolds for lipofection of nondividing mammalian cells
Subramanian, A., Ranganathan, P. N., & Diamond, S. L. (1999) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/12860 · Cited by 233
Bioinspired pH-Responsive Polymers for the Intracellular Delivery of Biomolecular Drugs
Murthy, N., Campbell, J. S., Fausto, N., Hoffman, A. S., & Stayton, P. S. (2003) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc020056d · Cited by 233
Self-citationCancer gene therapy: hard lessons and new courses
Vile, R. G., Russell, S. J., & Lemoine, N. R. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301084 · Cited by 232
Plank, C., Tang, M. X., Wolfe, A. R., & Szoka, F. C. (1999) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/10430349950019101 · Cited by 230
Poly-β amino ester-containing microparticles enhance the activity of nonviral genetic vaccines
Little, S. R., Lynn, D. M., Ge, Q., Anderson, D. G., Puram, S. V., Chen, J., Eisen, H. N., & Langer, R. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403549101 · Cited by 227
Development of a Nonviral Gene Delivery Vehicle for Systemic Application
Pun, S. H., & Davis, M. E. (2002) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc0155768 · Cited by 223
Self-citationArima, H., Kihara, F., Hirayama, F., & Uekama, K. (2001) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc000111n · Cited by 223
Murthy, N., Campbell, J. S., Fausto, N., Hoffman, A. S., & Stayton, P. S. (2003) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00099-3 · Cited by 221
Self-citationAdvances in Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene therapy
van Deutekom, J. C. T., & van Ommen, G. B. (2003) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1180 · Cited by 220
Peptide-Mediated Gene Delivery: Influence of Peptide Structure on Gene Expression
Wadhwa, M. S., Collard, W. T., Adami, R. C., McKenzie, D. L., & Rice, K. G. (1997) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc960079q · Cited by 219
Effects of Structure of β-Cyclodextrin-Containing Polymers on Gene Delivery
Hwang, S. J., Bellocq, N. C., & Davis, M. E. (2001) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc0001084 · Cited by 218
In Vivo Delivery to Tumors of DNA Complexed with Linear Polyethylenimine
Coll, J., Chollet, P., Brambilla, E. M., Desplanques, D., Behr, J., & Favrot, M. (1999) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/10430349950017662 · Cited by 206
pH-Sensitive polymers that enhance intracellular drug delivery in vivo
Kyriakides, T. R., Cheung, C., Murthy, N., BORNSTEIN, P. K., Stayton, P. S., & Hoffman, A. S. (2002) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00504-1 · Cited by 202
Self-citationPun, S. H., Tack, F., Bellocq, N. C., Cheng, J., Grubbs, B. H., Jensen, G. S., Davis, M. E., Brewster, M. E., Janicot, M., Janssens, B., et al. (2004) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.4161/cbt.3.7.918 · Cited by 201
Self-citationIn vivo gene delivery to the lung using polyethylenimine and fractured polyamidoamine dendrimers
Rudolph, C., Lausier, J., Naundorf, S., M�ller, R. H., & Rosenecker, J. (2000) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/1521-2254(200007/08)2:4 · Cited by 194
An RGD–Oligolysine Peptide: A Prototype Construct for Integrin-Mediated Gene Delivery
Harbottle, R. P., Cooper, R. G., Hart, S. L., Ladhoff, A., McKay, T. R., Knight, A. M., Wagner, E., Miller, A. D., & Coutelle, C. C. (1998) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.7-1037 · Cited by 190
Nonviral Gene Delivery to the Rat Kidney with Polyethylenimine
Boletta, A., Benigni, A., Lutz, J., Remuzzi, G., Soria, M. R., & Monaco, L. (1997) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1997.8.10-1243 · Cited by 187
A Self-Destroying Polycationic Polymer: Biodegradable Poly(4-hydroxy- l -proline ester)
Lim, Y., Choi, Y. H., & Park, J. S. (1999) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja984012k · Cited by 184
Tseng, W.-C., Haselton, F. R., & Giorgio, T. D. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.41.25641 · Cited by 182
Parente, R. A., Nir, S., & Szoka, F. C. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68843-x · Cited by 175
Receptor-mediated gene transfer into macrophages.
Ferkol, T. W., Perales, J. C., Mularo, F., & Hanson, R. W. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.101 · Cited by 174
Polyelectrolyte-sensitized phospholipid vesicles
Thomas, J. L., & Tirrell, D. A. (1992) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar00020a003 · Cited by 167
Barriers to and new approaches for gene therapy and gene delivery in cystic fibrosis
Ferrari, S., Geddes, D. M., & Alton, E. W. F. W. (2002) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00145-x · Cited by 166
Lim, Y., Kim, C.-H., Kim, K., Kim, S. W., & Park, J. S. (2000) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja001033h · Cited by 166
Cristiano, R. J., Smith, L. C., & Woo, S. L. C. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.6.2122 · Cited by 166
A pH-Sensitive Polymer That Enhances Cationic Lipid-Mediated Gene Transfer
Cheung, C., Murthy, N., Stayton, P. S., & Hoffman, A. S. (2001) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc0100408 · Cited by 164
Self-citationKihara, F., Arima, H., Tsutsumi, T., Hirayama, F., & Uekama, K. (2003) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc025613a · Cited by 161
Dash, P. R., Read, M. L., Fisher, K., Howard, K. A., Wolfert, M. A., Oupický, D., Šubr, V., Strohalm, J., Ulbrich, K., & Seymour, L. W. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.6.3793 · Cited by 161
DNA condensation for gene therapy as monitored by atomic force microscopy
Hansma, H. G., Golan, R., Hsieh, K., Lollo, C. P., Mullen-Ley, P., & Kwoh, D. Y. (1998) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/26.10.2481 · Cited by 159
Bettinger, T., Rémy, J.-S., & Erbacher, P. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc990006h · Cited by 155
Major limitations in the use of cationic liposomes for DNA delivery
Filion, M. C., & Phillips, N. C. (1998) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00423-7 · Cited by 155
Targeted delivery of plasmid DNA complexed with galactosylated poly(l-lysine)
Hashida, M., Takemura, S., Nishikawa, M., & Takakura, Y. (1998) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(97)00263-0 · Cited by 150
Tumor targeting with surface-shielded ligand–polycation DNA complexes
Kircheis, R., Blessing, T., Brunner, S., Wightman, L., & Wagner, E. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00272-3 · Cited by 147
Davis, M. E., Pun, S., Bellocq, N. C., Reineke, T. M., Popielarski, S. R., Mishra, S., & Heidel, J. D. (2004) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867043456179 · Cited by 145
Self-citationKihara, F., Arima, H., Tsutsumi, T., Hirayama, F., & Uekama, K. (2002) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc025557d · Cited by 143
Abdelhady, H. G. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg462 · Cited by 141
Schaffer, D. V., & Lauffenburger, D. A. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.43.28004 · Cited by 141
Gene Transfer by DNA/Glycosylated Polylysine Complexes into Human Blood Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
Erbacher, P., Bousser, M.-T., Raimond, J., Monsigny, M. L. P., Midoux, P., & Roche, A. (1996) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1996.7.6-721 · Cited by 140
Lim, Y.-B., Kim, S.-M., Lee, Y., Lee, W.-K., Yang, T.-G., Lee, M.-J., Suh, H., & Park, J.-S. (2001) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja005715g · Cited by 138
Cationic lipids used in gene transfer
Zabner, J. (1997) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00019-7 · Cited by 138
Nishikawa, M., Takemura, S., Takakura, Y., & Hashida, M. (1998) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37804-8 · Cited by 135
Erbacher, P., Roche, A., Monsigny, M. L. P., & Midoux, P. (1995) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc00034a010 · Cited by 132
Poly(4-hydroxy- l -proline ester): Low-Temperature Polycondensation and Plasmid DNA Complexation
Putnam, D. A., & Langer, R. (1999) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma982004i · Cited by 125
Lee, H., Jeong, J. H., & Park, T. G. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00426-6 · Cited by 125
Growth-factor gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders
Tuszynski, M. H. (2002) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00006-6 · Cited by 125
Gene Therapy for Infectious Diseases
Bunnell, B. A., & Morgan, R. A. (1998) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.11.1.42 · Cited by 123
Chan, C. K., & Jans, D. A. (1999) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/10430349950017699 · Cited by 121
Cyclodextrin–polyethylenimine conjugates for targeted in vitro gene delivery
Forrest, M. L., Gabrielson, N. P., & Pack, D. W. (2004) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.20356 · Cited by 121
Self-citationReineke, T. M., & Davis, M. E. (2002) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc025592k · Cited by 119
Ciolina, C., Byk, G., Blanche, F., Thuillier, V., Scherman, D., & Wils, P. (1998) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc980061a · Cited by 117
Measuring the thermodynamics of RNA secondary structure formation
SantaLucia, J., & Turner, D. H. (1997) · Biopolymers · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1997)44:3 · Cited by 115
[42] Receptor-mediated transport of DNA into eukaryotic cells
Cotten, M. L., Wagner, E., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1993) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(93)17092-j · Cited by 114
Oupický, D., Howard, K. A., Koňák, Č., Dash, P. R., Ulbrich, K., & Seymour, L. W. (2000) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc990143e · Cited by 110
Popielarski, S. R., Mishra, S., & Davis, M. E. (2003) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc034010b · Cited by 107
Polyethylenimine shows properties of interest for cystic fibrosis gene therapy
Ferrari, S., Pettenazzo, A., Garbati, N., Zacchello, F., Behr, J., & Scarpa, M. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00153-0 · Cited by 103
Maruyama-Tabata, H., Harada, Y., Matsumura, T., Satoh, E., Cui, F.-D., Iwai, M., Kita, M., Hibi, S., Imanishi, J., Sawada, T., et al. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301044 · Cited by 103
Folate Copolymer-Mediated Transfection of Cultured Cells
Leamon, C. P., Weigl, D., & Hendren, R. W. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc990066n · Cited by 101
Gene Therapy Progress and Prospects: cancer gene therapy using tumour suppressor genes
McNeish, I. A., Bell, S. J. D., & Lemoine, N. R. (2004) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302238 · Cited by 100
Bremner, K. H., Seymour, L. W., Logan, A., & Read, M. L. (2003) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc034140k · Cited by 99
Biomimetic Materials And Design
(2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203908976 · Cited by 98
Structural Effects of Carbohydrate-Containing Polycations on Gene Delivery. 2. Charge Center Type
Reineke, T. M., & Davis, M. E. (2002) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc025593c · Cited by 98
Clinical development of gene therapy for colorectal cancer
Kerr, R. S. (2003) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1147 · Cited by 97
Dynamic optimization of hybridoma growth in a fed-batch bioreactor
Dhir, S., Morrow, K. J., Rhinehart, R. R., & Wiesner, T. F. (2000) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(20000120)67:2 · Cited by 96
Self-citationKoh, J. J., Ko, K. S., Lee, M., Han, S.-Y., Park, J. S., & Kim, S. W. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301334 · Cited by 92
Monitoring DNA/Poly-l-Lysine Polyplex Formation with Time-Resolved Multiangle Laser Light Scattering
Lai, E., & van Zanten, J. H. (2001) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(01)76065-1 · Cited by 91
Erbacher, P., Roche, A., Monsigny, M. L. P., & Midoux, P. (1997) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/s0005-2736(96)00204-0 · Cited by 90
Targeted Gene Delivery with a Low Molecular Weight Glycopeptide Carrier
Wadhwa, M. S., Knoell, D. L., Young, A. P., & Rice, K. G. (1995) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc00033a008 · Cited by 86
Anti-JL1 antibody-conjugated poly (l-lysine) for targeted gene delivery to leukemia T cells
Suh, W., Chung, J.-K., Park, S.-H., & Kim, S. W. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00273-5 · Cited by 84
Gene therapy progress and prospects: Parkinson's disease
Burton, E. A., Glorioso, J. C., & Fink, D. J. (2003) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302116 · Cited by 84
DNA interpolyelectrolyte complexes as a tool for efficient cell transformation
Kabanov, A. V., Astaf'eva, I. V., Chikindas, M. L., Rosenblat, G. F., Kiselev, V. I., Severin, E. S., & Kabanov, V. A. (1991) · Biopolymers · doi:10.1002/bip.360311210 · Cited by 81
Membrane solubilization by a hydrophobic polyelectrolyte: surface activity and membrane binding
Thomas, J. L., Barton, S. W., & Tirrell, D. A. (1994) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80575-2 · Cited by 76
Formulation of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles with poly(propyl acrylic acid) enhances gene expression
Kiang, T., Bright, C., Cheung, C., Stayton, P. S., Hoffman, A. S., & Leong, K. W. (2004) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1163/1568562042368112 · Cited by 76
Self-citationTransferrinfection: A Highly Efficient Way to Express Gene Constructs in Eukaryotic Cells
Zatloukal, K., Wagner, E., Cotten, M. L., PHILLIPS, S., Plank, C., Steinlein, P., Curiel, D. T., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb21066.x · Cited by 75
Chan, C.-K., Senden, T. J., & Jans, D. A. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301275 · Cited by 71
Pichon, C., Cam, É. L., Guérin, B., Coulaud, D., Delain, E., & Midoux, P. (2001) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc015503o · Cited by 66
Pichon, C. (2000) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/28.2.504 · Cited by 65
Howard, K. A. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00076-3 · Cited by 63
Adeno-associated virus as a gene delivery system
During, M. J. (1997) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00024-0 · Cited by 62
Harada, Y., Iwai, M., Tanaka, S., Okanoue, T., Kashima, K., Maruyama-Tabata, H., Hirai, H., Satoh, E., Imanishi, J., & Mazda, O. (2000) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700079 · Cited by 59
Vile, R. G., Tuszynski, A., & Castleden, S. (1996) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/bf02789062 · Cited by 56
Wang, W., Tetley, L., & Uchegbu, I. F. (2001) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7463 · Cited by 55
Gene Therapy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases
Alisky, J. M., & Davidson, B. L. (2000) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/104303400750038435 · Cited by 53
pH-sensitive hemolysis by random copolymers of alkyl acrylates and acrylic acid
Murthy, N., Chang, I., Stayton, P. S., & Hoffman, A. S. (2001) · Macromolecular Symposia · doi:10.1002/1521-3900(200107)172:1 · Cited by 53
Self-citationTanaka, S., Iwai, M., Harada, Y., Morikawa, T., Muramatsu, A., Mori, T., Okanoue, T., Kashima, K., Maruyama-Tabata, H., Hirai, H., et al. (2000) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700219 · Cited by 48
Ren, J., Sharpe, J. C., Collier, R. J., & London, E. (1998) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi981576s · Cited by 47
Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene and Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedrane
Maier, G., Neudert, J., & Wolf, O. (2001) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010504)40:9 · Cited by 47
Gene therapy Progress and Prospects: Gene therapy for the hemophilias
Walsh, C. (2003) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302024 · Cited by 45
Histidine containing peptides and polypeptides as nucleic acid vectors.
Midoux, P., Cam, É. L., Coulaud, D., Delain, E., & Pichon, C. (2002) · Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1022931923153 · Cited by 44
(2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203500477 · Cited by 44
Gene therapy for tissue regeneration
Cutroneo, K. R. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.10357 · Cited by 43
High Transfection Efficiency of Poly(4-vinylimidazole) as a New Gene Carrier
Ihm, J. E., Han, K., Han, I.-K., Ahn, K., Han, D. K., & Cho, C. (2003) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc025611q · Cited by 43
Improved transfection using epithelial cell line-selected ligands and fusogenic peptides
Vaysse, L. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00093-3 · Cited by 33
Influence of Endosome-Destabilizing Peptides on Efficacy of Anti-HIV Immunotoxins
Tolstikov, V., Cole, R. L., Hua, F., & Pincus, S. H. (1997) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc9600729 · Cited by 24
The Tumour Suppressor Gene p53 as a Regulator of Proliferative Life-Span and Tumour Progression
Wynford‐Thomas, D., Jones, C. J., & Wyllie, F. S. (1996) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000109184 · Cited by 19
Poly(propylacrylic acid)-mediated serum stabilization of cationic lipoplexes
Cheung, C., Stayton, P. S., & Hoffman, A. S. (2005) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1163/1568562053115390 · Cited by 18
Self-citationCurrent perceptions of cardiovascular gene therapy.
Dzau, V., Beatt, K., Pompilio, G., & Smith, K. M. (2003) · American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00964-0 · Cited by 17
POLY-L-LYSINE-GRAFT-PEG COMB-TYPE POLYCATION COPOLYMERS FOR GENE DELIVERY
Banaszczyk, M., Lollo, C. P., Kwoh, D. Y., Phillips, A. T., Amini, A., Wu, D. P., Mullen, P. M., COFFIN, C. C., Brostoff, S. W., & Carlo, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A · doi:10.1080/10601329908951200 · Cited by 16
POLY-L-LYSINE-GRAFT-PEG COMB-TYPE POLYCATION COPOLYMERS FOR GENE DELIVERY
Banaszczyk, M., Lollo, C. P., Kwoh, D. Y., Phillips, A. T., Amini, A., Wu, D., Mullen, P. M., COFFIN, C., BROSTOFF, S., & Carlo, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A · doi:10.1081/ma-100101583 · Cited by 15
Gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases
Nabel, E. G. (1999) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s1071-3581(99)90066-1 · Cited by 13
Gene and other biological therapies for vascular diseases
Stéphan, D., & Nabel, E. G. (1997) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.1997.tb00175.x · Cited by 12
Schaffer, D. V., Neve, R. L., & Lauffenburger, D. A. (1997) · Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1089/ten.1997.3.53 · Cited by 8
Harvie (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6017(200005)89:5
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 181 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Schaffer, D. V. in Chemical Engineering 125 (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998).
- Wilson, G., Dean, B. S., Wang, G. & Dean, D. A. DNA vector chemistry: the covalent attachment of signal peptides to plasmid DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 16, 80–85 (1998).
- Henry, S., Pirie, C., Stayton, P. S. & Hoffman, A. S. Membrane–disruption ability of maleic anhydride copolymers at endosomal pHs. Biomacromolecules (in the press).
- El-Sayed, M., Hoffman, A. S. & Stayton, P. S. Influence of composition of novel pH-sensitive and glutathione-reactive polymeric carriers on their membrane-destabilizing activity. J. Control. Release (in the press).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Non-viral vectors for gene-based therapy
Yin, H., Kanasty, R. L., Eltoukhy, A. A., Vegas, A. J., Dorkin, J. R., & Anderson, D. G. (2014) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3763 · Cited by 3,123
Polymer conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines
Duncan, R. (2006) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1958 · Cited by 1,956
Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues
Lai, S. K., Wang, Y.-Y., & Hanes, J. S. (2008) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2008.11.002 · Cited by 1,863
Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems
Liechty, W. B., Kryscio, D. R., Slaughter, B. V., & Peppas, N. A. (2010) · Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100847 · Cited by 1,608
Block copolymer micelles in nanomedicine applications
Cabral, H., Miyata, K., Osada, K., & Kataoka, K. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00199 · Cited by 1,309
Metadata
- Authors
- Pack, D. W., Hoffman, A. S., Pun, S., & Stayton, P. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pack, Daniel W.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2005-07-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 581-593
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- OpenAlex
- W2003414091
- Cited by
- 2,568
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 144 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 157 · 2016: 173 · 2015: 205 · 2014: 180 · 2013: 180 · 2012: 188
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- gene therapy, structure-function relationship, polymer chemistry, non-viral vectors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cyclodextrins, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Imidazoles, Polymers, Drug Design, Genetic Therapy, Gene Transfer Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review