Slow food, fast food and the control of food intake

de Graaf, Cees; Kok, Frans J.

doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.41

Cited by 154Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorRegulation of Appetite and ObesityEating Disorders and Behaviors

Slow food, fast food and the control of food intake

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de Graaf, Cees, Kok, Frans J.·2010·Nature Reviews Endocrinology

DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2010.41

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Abstract

This Perspective focuses on two elements of our food supply and eating environment that facilitate high energy intake: a high eating rate and distraction of attention from eating. These two elements are believed to undermine our body's capacity to regulate its energy intake at healthy levels because they impair the congruent association between sensory signals and metabolic consequences. The findings of a number of studies show that foods that can be eaten quickly lead to high food intake and low satiating effects-the reason being that these foods only provide brief periods of sensory exposure, which give the human body insufficient cues for satiation. Future research should focus on the underlying physiological, neurological and molecular mechanisms through which our current eating environment affects our control of food intake.

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Higher eating rates can increase overall energy intake, with a 20% change in eating rate affecting energy intake by about 10-13%.
“Previous studies have demonstrated that higher eating rates can result in increased overall energy intake”
From Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake (2019) · cites this paper as de Graaf and Kok, 2010
The Abstract says that foods eaten quickly lead to high food intake, supporting the qualitative claim in the printed sentence. Our copy does not provide the attributed estimate that a 20% change in eating rate changes energy intake by about 10–13%. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Self-citation
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æORIGINAL ARTICLE
Privitera, G. J. (2013)
The influence of eating rate on satiety and intake among participants exhibiting high dietary restraint
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Authors: de Graaf, C., & Kok, F. J.
Affiliations: Wageningen University & Research (NL)
ORCID: Kok, Frans J.
Venue: Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-03-30
Volume: 6
Issue: 5
Pages: 290-293
ISSN: 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
1759-5037
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.41
OpenAlex: W2075386958
Cited by: 152
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 1.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Keywords: eating speed, food intake regulation, energy intake, satiety, satiety signals, sensory cues, food texture, eating environment, overeating
MeSH terms: Attention, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Environment, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Satiation, Sensation, Fast Foods

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