Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century1,2

Cordain, Loren; Eaton, S Boyd; Sebastian, Anthony; Mann, Neil; Lindeberg, Staffan; Watkins, Bruce A; O’Keefe, James H; Brand-Miller, Janette

doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341

Cited by 2,397Nutritional Studies and DietNutrition, Health, and Society StudiesNutrition, Genetics, and Disease

Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century1,2

Open access

Cordain, Loren, Eaton, S Boyd, Sebastian, Anthony, Mann, Neil, Lindeberg, Staffan, Watkins, Bruce A, O’Keefe, James H, Brand-Miller, Janette·2005·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry approximately 10000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cultural, and activity patterns of contemporary Western populations, many of the so-called diseases of civilization have emerged. In particular, food staples and food-processing procedures introduced during the Neolithic and Industrial Periods have fundamentally altered 7 crucial nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets: 1) glycemic load, 2) fatty acid composition, 3) macronutrient composition, 4) micronutrient density, 5) acid-base balance, 6) sodium-potassium ratio, and 7) fiber content. The evolutionary collision of our ancient genome with the nutritional qualities of recently introduced foods may underlie many of the chronic diseases of Western civilization.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341

Cites

168 of 168 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Metabolic syndrome increases the risk for Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
“Metabolic syndrome increases the risk for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and AD (Kivipelto et al., 2001; Luchsinger et al., 2004; Cordain et al., 2005; Whitmer et al., 2008).”
From Plcg2M28L Interacts With High Fat/High Sugar Diet to Accelerate Alzheimer’s Disease-Relevant Phenotypes in Mice (2022) · cites this paper as Cordain et al., 2005
The Glycemic load and Glycemic index sections link metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The paper does not address Alzheimer’s disease in the passages found, so it does not support that part of the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The rationale for the hypothesis that diet influences oral microbiota relies on historical observation of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions, which altered macronutrient proportions, glycemic load, fatty acid composition, sodium and potassium levels, micronutrient levels, dietary pH, and fiber content.
“The rationale for this hypothesis relies on historical observation of two key periods in human history: the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions. These periods represented two critical junctures in our history with repercussions beyond economic, cultural, and social matters. Indeed, the foods and processing techniques that arose in these two historical periods significantly altered the central”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
The change to dominance of caries-associated bacteria is most likely associated with the onset of the Industrial Revolution.
“This change is most likely associated with the onset of the Industrial Revolution which began some 200 years ago and represents the largest change in food production and processing technology since the shift to farming9.”
From Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
The Industrial Revolution saw the production of refined grain and concentrated sugar, generating mono- and disaccharides that are the main substrates for microbial fermentation that lowers plaque pH and causes enamel demineralization.
“The Industrial Revolution saw the production of refined grain and concentrated sugar from processed sugar beet and cane9, generating mono- and disaccharides, which are the main substrates for microbial fermentation that lowers plaque pH and cause enamel demineralization26.”
From Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
Food-processing technologies were broadly similar during the Neolithic through Medieval times.
“in parallel with the broad similarity of food-processing technologies during these times9.”
From Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions (2013) · cites this paper as [9]

Industrially processed flour and sugar were introduced around 1850.
“Two of the greatest dietary shifts in human evolution involved the adoption of carbohydrate-rich Neolithic (farming) diets6,7 (beginning ~10,000 years BP6,8), and the more recent advent of industrially processed flour and sugar (~1850)9.”
From Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
The Industrial Revolution began some 200 years ago and represents the largest change in food production and processing technology since the shift to farming.
“This change is most likely associated with the onset of the Industrial Revolution which began some 200 years ago and represents the largest change in food production and processing technology since the shift to farming9.”
From Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
In the United States, carbohydrates constitute more than 50% of total energy intake, with refined cereal grains representing more than 85% of total cereal grains consumed.
“In the United States, carbohydrates constitute > 50% of total energy intake, with refined cereal grains representing > 85% of total cereal grains consumed.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [253]
Dietary staples and processing techniques from the Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions significantly changed central components of the human diet, including macronutrient content, glycemic load, fatty acid composition, sodium and potassium levels, micronutrient levels, dietary pH, and fiber content.
“Dietary staples and processing techniques that emerged during the Neolithic and Industrial Revolution periods significantly changed several central components of the human diet, including total macronutrient content, glycemic load, fatty acid composition, sodium and potassium levels, micronutrient levels, dietary pH, and fiber content.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [253]
Refined sugars constitute approximately 20% of caloric intake in the United States.
“Moreover, refined sugars constitute approximately 20% of caloric intake.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [253]
The transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to farming societies is associated with a decline in oral health and several additional disease states, including cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatic diseases, many cancers, and obesity.
“The transition from hunter‐gatherer lifestyles to farming societies is associated with a decline in oral health as well as several additional disease states, including (but not limited to) cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatic diseases, many cancers, and obesity.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [253]
The pre-agricultural diet was largely limited to nonprocessed, wild fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts, and wild animals.
“The pre‐agricultural diet was largely limited to nonprocessed, wild fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts, and wild animals.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [253]
Total macronutrient shifts as a result of increased grain consumption at the Paleolithic-Neolithic transition are well recognized.
“Total macronutrient shifts as a result of increased grain consumption at the Paleolithic‐Neolithic transition are well recognized.”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [253]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002.
Hedley, A. A., Ogden, C., Johnson, C. L., Carroll, M., Curtin, L. R., & Flegal, K. (2004) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.291.23.2847 · Cited by 4,670 · see citing works
Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
Jenkins, D. J., Wolever, T. M., Taylor, R. H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J. M., Bowling, A. C., Newman, H. C., Jenkins, A. L., & Goff, D. V. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.3.362 · Cited by 3,857 · see citing works
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial
(1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)07072-5 · Cited by 3,812 · see citing works
Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease
Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., & Appel, L. J. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000038493.65177.94 · Cited by 3,707 · see citing works
Comparison of C-Reactive Protein and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Events
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Rose, L., Buring, J. E., & Cook, N. R. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021993 · Cited by 3,604 · see citing works
International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002,
Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5 · Cited by 3,080 · see citing works
Self-citation
Size, Function, and Life History
Calder, W. A. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,864 · see citing works
The structure of evolutionary theory
Gould, S. J. (2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-6411 · Cited by 2,764 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1999) · PubMed · Cited by 2,062 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases
Simopoulos, A. P. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248 · Cited by 2,014 · see citing works
Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis
Wald, D. S., Law, M., & Morris, J. K. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1202 · Cited by 1,945 · see citing works
Annual Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the United States
Allison, D. B. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1530 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
Untitled work
Ludwig (2002) · doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414 · Cited by 1,775 · see citing works
AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association
Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Kris-Etherton, P., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2284 · Cited by 1,458 · see citing works
Paleolithic Nutrition
Eaton, S. B., & Konner, M. J. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198501313120505 · Cited by 1,337 · see citing works
Self-citation
Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction
Boden, G., & Shulman, G. I. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.32.s3.3.x · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease
Reaven, G. M. (1995) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1995.75.3.473 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
Identification and Fracture Outcomes of Undiagnosed Low Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
Siris, E. S., Miller, P. D., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Faulkner, K. G., Wehren, L. E., Abbott, T. A., Berger, M. L., Santora, A. C., & Sherwood, L. M. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.22.2815 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome,,
Elliott, S. S., Keim, N. L., Stern, J. S., Teff, K. L., & Havel, P. J. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.911 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States
Kris-Etherton, P., Taylor, D. S., Yu-Poth, S., Huth, P., Moriarty, K., Fishell, V., Hargrove, R. L., Zhao, G., & Etherton, T. D. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.179s · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Cancer Facts & Figures 2004
Betts, P., Mokry, B., Risser, D. R., Weiss, N. S., Williams, M. A., Sjoberg, E., Clanton, M. S., Frankel, L. S., Foxhall, L. E., Hancock, L. E., et al. (2004) · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east
Salamini, F., Özkan, H., Brandolini, A., Schäfer-Pregl, R., & Martin, W. F. (2002) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg817 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets
Cordain, L., Miller, J. B., Eaton, S. B., Mann, N., Holt, S. H., & Speth, J. D. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.3.682 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Self-citation
Glucose Toxicity
Rossetti, L., Giaccari, A., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1990) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.13.6.610 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity
Skov, A., Toubro, S., Rønn, B., Holm, L., & Astrup, A. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800867 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine
Cameron, I. A. (1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-5693 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective
Eaton, S. B., Konner, M., & Shostak, M. (1988) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90113-1 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intermediary metabolism of fructose
Mayes, P. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.754s · Cited by 669 · see citing works
The use of the glycemie Index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals
Wolever, T., & Jenkins, D. (1986) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.1.167 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Relationship of Baseline Serum Cholesterol Levels in 3 Large Cohorts of Younger Men to Long-term Coronary, Cardiovascular, and All-Cause Mortality and to Longevity
Stamler, J. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.3.311 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women
Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Ridker, P. M. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.3.492 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Improved Mineral Balance and Skeletal Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women Treated with Potassium Bicarbonate
Sebastián, A., Harris, S. T., Ottaway, J. H., Todd, K., & Morris, R. C. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199406233302502 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Multiple maternal origins and weak phylogeographic structure in domestic goats
Luikart, G., Gielly, L., Excoffier, L., Vigne, J., Bouvet, J., & Taberlet, P. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.091591198 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents
Frassetto, L. A., Todd, K., Morris, R. C., & Sebastián, A. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.3.576 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Weight Loss Reduces C-Reactive Protein Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Tchernof, A., Nolan, A., Sites, C. K., Ades, P. A., & Poehlman, E. T. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0502.103331 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Acne vulgaris: a disease of Western civilization
Cordain, L., Lindeberg, S., Hurtado, M., Hill, K., Eaton, S. B., & Brand-Miller, J. (2002) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.138.12.1584 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Self-citation
Direct chemical evidence for widespread dairying in prehistoric Britain
Copley, M. S., Berstan, R., Dudd, S. N., Docherty, G., Mukherjee, A. J., Straker, V., Payne, S., & Evershed, R. P. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0335955100 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose
Hanover, L. M., & White, J. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.724s · Cited by 443 · see citing works
The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic
Cordain, L., Eaton, S., Brand-Miller, J. C., Mann, N. J., & Hill, K. R. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601353 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Food Guide Pyramid
Muthukannan, J. (1995) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00516-1 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The Cambridge World History of Food
Kiple, K. F., & Ornelas, K. C. (2001) · Food Service Technology · doi:10.1046/j.1471-5740.2001.00006.x · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Marked Improvement in Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetic Australian Aborigines After Temporary Reversion to Traditional Lifestyle
O’Dea, K. (1984) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.33.6.596 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes
Richards, M. P., Pettitt, P., Trinkaus, E., Smith, F. H., Paunović, M., & Karavanić, I. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.120178997 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
The Role of Leucine in Weight Loss Diets and Glucose Homeostasis
Layman, D. K. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.1.261s · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Health and the rise of civilization
Crosby, A. W. (1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-2745 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Neolithic resinated wine
McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., Exner, L. J., & Voigt, M. M. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381480a0 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction.
Ascherio, A., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., MASTER, C., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.89.1.94 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
why hunters gather: optimal foraging and the Aché of eastern Paraguay
Hawkes, K., Hill, K. R., & O’Connell, J. F. (1982) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1525/ae.1982.9.2.02a00100 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Fructose-induced in vivo insulin resistance and elevated plasma triglyceride levels in rats
Thorburn, A. W., Storlien, L. H., Jenkins, A. B., Khouri, S., & Kraegen, E. W. (1989) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/49.6.1155 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Hepatic Very Low Density Lipoprotein Overproduction in Insulin Resistance
Taghibiglou, C., Carpentier, A. C., Iderstine, S. C. V., Chen, B., Rudy, D., Aiton, A., Lewis, G. F., & Adeli, K. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.12.8416 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Normotensive Salt Sensitivity
Morris, R. C., Sebastián, A., Forman, A., Tanaka, M., & Schmidlin, O. (1999) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.33.1.18 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Lejeune, M. P. G. M., Nijs, I., van Ooijen, M., & Kovacs, E. M. R. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802461 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Effect of sustained physiologic hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in man
Del Prato, S., Leonetti, F., Simonson, D. C., Sheehan, P., Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400466 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal women
Devine, A., Criddle, R. A., Dick, I., Kerr, D. A., & Prince, R. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.4.740 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Energy Expenditure and Fitness: An Evolutionary Perspective
Cordain, L., Gotshall, R. W., Eaton, S. B., & Eaton, S. B. (1998) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-971926 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citation
Metabolic effects of a low-glycemic-index diet
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Collier, G. R., Ocana, A., Rao, A. V., Buckley, G., Lam, Y. L., Mayer, A., & Thompson, L. U. (1987) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/46.6.968 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
THE DOMINANCE OF SALT IN MANUFACTURED FOOD IN THE SODIUM INTAKE OF AFFLUENT SOCIETIES
James, W. P. T., Ralph, A., & Sanchez-Castillo, C. P. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90127-9 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Regulation of Plasma LDL-Cholesterol Levels by Dietary Cholesterol and Fatty Acids
Spady, D. K., Woollett, L. A., & Dietschy, J. M. (1993) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.13.070193.002035 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken1
Rule, D. C., Broughton, K. S., Shellito, S. M., & Maiorano, G. (2002) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2002.8051202x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies
Hiendleder, S., Kaupe, B., Waßmuth, R., & Janke, A. (2002) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1975 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Health benefits and practical aspects of high-fiber diets
Anderson, J., Smith, B. M., & Gustafson, N. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1242s · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Cereal Grains: Humanity�s Double-Edged Sword
Cordain, L. (1999) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059677 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citation
Estimated Intakes of Trans Fatty and Other Fatty Acids in the US Population
ALLISON, D. B., EGAN, S. K., BARRAJ, L. M., CAUGHMAN, C., INFANTE, M., & HEIMBACH, J. T. (1999) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00041-3 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products
Östman, E. M., Liljeberg Elmståhl, H. G., & Björck, I. M. (2001) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.1.96 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease
Cordain, L., Watkins, B. A., Florant, G., Kelher, M. R., Rogers, L. L., & Li, Y. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601307 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dietary Supplementation With n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Vitamin E After Myocardial Infarction: Results of the Gissi-Prevenzione Trial
Gissi-Prevenzione Investigators (2000) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200003000-00011 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Shell bed to shell midden
Meehan, B. (1975) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d74e186644fc · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Long-Term Treatment of Calcium Nephrolithiasis with Potassium Citrate
Pak, C. Y. C., Fuller, C. J., Sakhaee, K., Preminger, G. M., & Britton, F. (1985) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)46962-x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
SPINA BIFIDA, ANENCEPHALY, AND POTATO BLIGHT
Spiers, P. (1973) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)90282-1 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Importance of glycemic index in diabetes
Miller, J. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.747s · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Why we get sick: The new science of darwinian medicine
Mysterud, I. (1995) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(95)90037-3 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Regulation of Plasma LDL-Cholesterol Levels by Dietary Cholesterol and Fatty Acids
Spady, D. K. (1993) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.13.1.355 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Diet, evolution and aging
Frassetto, L. A., Morris, R. C., Sellmeyer, D. E., Todd, K., & Sébastian, A. (2001) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s394-001-8347-4 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Metabolic alkalosis decreases bone calcium efflux by suppressing osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts
Bushinsky, D. A. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.1.f216 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Effect of age on blood acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal functional decline
Frassetto, L. A., Morris, R. C., & Sébastian, A. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.6.f1114 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Dietary sources of nutrients among US adults, 1989 to 1991
SUBAR, A. F., KREBS-SMITH, S. M., COOK, A., & KAHLE, L. L. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00122-9 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects
Hwalla, N. C., Sawaya, S., Torbay, N., Habbal, Z., Azar, S. T., & Hashim, S. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801064 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors
Sebastián, A., Frassetto, L. A., Sellmeyer, D. E., Merriam, R. L., & Morris, R. C. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1308 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: Comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet
Piatti, P. M., Monti, L. D., Magni, F., Fermo, I., Baruffaldi, L., Nasser, R. M., Santambrogio, G., Librenti, M. C., Galli-Kienle, M., Pontiroli, A. E., et al. (1994) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90005-1 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Dietary Protein and Soluble Fiber Reduce Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Treated Hypertensives
Burke, V., Hodgson, J. M., Beilin, L. J., Giangiulioi, N., Rogers, P., & Puddey, I. B. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hy1001.092614 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
High-Protein, Low-Fat Diets Are Effective for Weight Loss and Favorably Alter Biomarkers in Healthy Adults
Johnston, C. S., Tjonn, S. L., & Swan, P. D. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.3.586 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Hyperinsulinemic diseases of civilization: more than just Syndrome X
Cordain, L., Eades, M. R., & Eades, M. D. (2003) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00011-4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.70.2.221 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Salt: A World History
Kurlansky, M. J. (2002) · CORE Scholar (Wright State University) · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The hunger for salt: An anthropological, physiological and medical analysis-by
(1984) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/0300-9629(84)90037-9 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Prevention of Recurrent Calcium Stone Formation with Potassium Citrate Therapy in Patients with Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Preminger, G. M., Sakhaee, K., Skurla, C., & Pak, C. Y. C. (1985) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)46963-1 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Hexosamines as mediators of nutrient sensing and regulation in diabetes
McClain, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s1056-8727(01)00188-x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
The clinical spectrum of chronic metabolic acidosis: Homeostatic mechanisms produce significant morbidity
Alpern, R. J., & Sakhaee, K. (1997) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(97)90045-7 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile‐onset myopia
Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Brand-Miller, J. C., Lindeberg, S., & Jensen, C. (2002) · Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2002.800203.x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citation
Organ Weights in Primates and Other Mammals
Stahl, W. R. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.150.3699.1039 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
A microsatellite survey of cattle from a centre of origin: the Near East
Loftus, R. T., Ertugrul, O., Harba, A. H., El‐Barody, M. A. A., MacHugh, D. E., Park, S. D. E., & Bradley, D. G. (1999) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00805.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Reindeer and Caribou Hunters. An Archaeological Study
Burch, E. S., & Spiess, A. (1982) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.2307/481375 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Nutrition and Biochemistry of Trans and Positional Fatty Acid Isomers in Hydrogenated Oils
Emken, E. A. (1984) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002011 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The influence of thermic effect of food on satiety
Crovetti, R., Porrini, M., Santangelo, A. D., & Testolin, G. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600578 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Dietary Protein and Blood Pressure
Obarzanek, E. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530440078040 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Development of Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Thomson, M. J., Williams, M. G., & Frost, S. C. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.12.7759 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The hunger for salt. An anthropological, physiological and medical analysis
(1983) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(83)90123-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Dietary glycemic load and atherothrombotic risk
Liu, S., & Willett, W. C. (2002) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-002-0050-2 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Potassium Bicarbonate Reduces Urinary Nitrogen Excretion in Postmenopausal Women
Frassetto, L. A., Morris, R. C., & Sébastian, A. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.1.3663 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Body Composition in Animals and Man
National Research Council (1968) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/20255 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Relationship between Urinary Calcium and Net Acid Excretion as Determined by Dietary Protein and Potassium: A Review
Lemann, J. (1998) · The Nephron journals/Nephron journals · doi:10.1159/000046294 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
C-reactive protein, dietary n-3 fatty acids, and the extent of coronary artery disease
Madsen, T., Skou, H. A., Hansen, V. E., Fog, L., Christensen, J. H., Toft, E. S., & Schmidt, E. B. (2001) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02049-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Association of dietary protein intake and coffee consumption with serum homocysteine concentrations in an older population
Stolzenberg‐Solomon, R. Z., Miller, E. R., Maguire, M. G., Selhub, J., & Appel, L. J. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.3.467 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The Decline in Stroke Mortality: Exploration of Future Trends in 7 Western European Countries
Kunst, A. E., Amiri, M., & Janssen, F. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.599712 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The effect of diet on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy male subjects
Mann, N. J., Li, D., Sinclair, A., Dudman, N. P. B., Guo, X., Elsworth, G., Wilson, A., & Kelly, F. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600874 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citation
When The Eskimo Comes To Town
Schæfer, O. (1971) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/00017285-197111000-00003 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Inflammatory markers and coronary heart disease
Rifai, N., & Ridker, P. M. (2002) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200208000-00005 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Australian Aboriginal plant foods: a consideration of their nutritional composition and health implications
Brand-Miller, J. C., & Holt, S. H. A. (1998) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr19980003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citation
Salt—more adverse effects
Antonios, T. F., & MacGregor, G. A. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01463-8 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The saccharine disease.
Tl, C. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Slowly digested and absorbed carbohydrate in traditional bushfoods: a protective factor against diabetes?
Thorburn, A. W., Brand-Miller, J. C., & Truswell, A. S. (1987) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/45.1.98 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
Food in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diet of Early Peoples.
Trigger, B. G., Brothwell, D. R., & Brothwell, P. (1969) · Man · doi:10.2307/2798210 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dietary Salt, Urinary Calcium, and Kidney Stone Risk
Massey, L. K. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01536.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Effect of alterations of dietary sodium on the severity of asthma in men.
Carey, O. J., Locke, C., & Cookson, J. B. (1993) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.48.7.714 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Reducing saturated fat intake is associated with increased levels of LDL receptors on mononuclear cells in healthy men and women
Mustad, V. A., Etherton, T. D., Cooper, A. D., Mastro, A. M., Pearson, T. A., Jonnalagadda, S. S., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (1997) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37254-0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
FOCUS: Gough's Cave and Sun Hole Cave Human Stable Isotope Values Indicate a High Animal Protein Diet in the British Upper Palaeolithic
Richards, M. P., Hedges, R. E. M., Jacobi, R. M., et al. (2000) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0520 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Origins and development of ground stone assemblages in Late Pleistocene Southwest Asia
Wright, K. (1991) · Paléorient · doi:10.3406/paleo.1991.4537 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Insulin Stimulation of Hepatic Triacylglycerol Secretion and the Etiology of Insulin Resistance
Zammit, V. A., Waterman, I. J., McKay, G. A., & Topping, D. L. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.8.2074 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Short-term effects of substituting protein for carbohydrate in the diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects
Wolfe, B. M. J., & Giovannetti, P. M. (1991) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(91)90142-j · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Dietary fibre, fibre-depleted foods and disease
Trowell, H. C., Burkitt, D. P., & Heaton, K. W. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Humans, lipids and evolution
Eaton, S. B. (1992) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02535856 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of fructose on hepatic glucose metabolism in humans
Dirlewanger, M., Schneiter, P., Jéquier, E., & Tappy, L. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.4.e907 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hominid revelations from Chad
Wood, B. A. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/418133a · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Chemical evidence for ancient beer
Michel, R. H., McGovern, P. E., & Badler, V. R. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/360024b0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The effects of diet differing in fat, carbohydrate, and fiber on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in Type II diabetes
O’Dea, K., Traianedes, P. I. K., Niall, M., Sadler, J., Hopper, J. L., & Luise, M. D. (1989) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)02313-0 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Vegetarians and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Hemostasis, Inflammatory Markers and Plasma Homocysteine
Muñoz, X., Martı́nez, C., Cuevas, A. M., Panes, O., Aranda, E., Guasch, V., Strobel, P., Muñoz, B., Rodríguez, S., Pereira, J. I., et al. (1999) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1614598 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Possible Protective Effect of Milk, Meat and Fish for Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality in Japan
Kinjo, Y., Beral, V., Akiba, S., Key, T. J., Mizuno, S., Appleby, P. N., Yamaguchi, N., Watanabe, S., & Doll, R. (1999) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.9.268 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Dietary Fibre, Fibre-depleted Foods and Disease
Mendeloff, A. I. (1986) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.5.859 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Regulation of appetite and body weight in seasonal mammals
Mercer, J. G. (1998) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Pharmacology Toxicology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0742-8413(98)00018-8 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Replacement of carbohydrate by protein in a conventional-fat diet reduces cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy normolipidemic subjects.
Wolfe, B. M. J., & Piché, L. A. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Salt sensitivity in humans is associated with abnormal acid-base regulation.
Sharma, A. M., Kribben, A., Schattenfroh, S., Cetto, C., & Distler, A. (1990) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.16.4.407 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Salt and gastrointestinal cancer
Tuyns, A. J. (1988) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635588809513992 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Appetite, feeding behaviour and energy balance in human subjects
Stubbs, R. J. (1998) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19980052 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Meni??re???s Disease
Van, H. T., Mj, B., & Fraysse, B. (2001) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200161080-00005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Dietary salt restriction improves pulmonary function in exercise-induced asthma
Gotshall, R. W., Mickleborough, T. D., & Cordain, L. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200011000-00001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Nutritional Characteristics of a Contemporary Diet Based Upon Paleolithic Food Groups
Cordain, L. (2002) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Day-long glucose, insulin, and fructose responses of hyperinsulinemic and nonhyperinsulinemic men adapted to diets containing either fructose or high-amylose cornstarch
Reiser, S., Powell, A. S., Scholfield, D. J., Panda, P., Fields, M., & Canary, J. J. (1989) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/50.5.1008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Préhistoire de l'agriculture : nouvelles approches expérimentales et ethnographiques
Anderson, P. C. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Low‐fat diets do not lower plasma cholesterol levels in healthy men compared to high‐fat diets with similar fatty acid composition at constant caloric intake
Nelson, G. J., Schmidt, P. C., & Kelley, D. S. (1995) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02536280 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Health and Disease in Tribal Societies.
Jeanes, C. W. L. (1978) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-89-5-729_2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Health and Disease in Tribal Societies
Meehan, M. C. (1978) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03280310087032 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of high protein diet in treatment of mild diabetes.
Seino, Y., Seino, S., Ikeda, M., Matsukura, S., & Imura, H. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Diet and Nutrition of Hunter‐Gatherers
Truswell, A. S. (1977) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470715406.ch11 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A trek to the top: a review of acute mountain sickness
Porcelli, M. J., & Gugelhcuk, G. M. (1995) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.1995.95.12.718 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1995) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Plasma Homocysteine As a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: Causal, Consequential, or of No Consequence?
Meleady, R. A., & Graham, I. M. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06902.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Evolving Health: The Origins of Illness and How the Modern World Is Making Us Sick
Boaz, N. T. (2002) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dietary chloride as a possible determinant of the severity of exercise-induced asthma
Mickleborough, T. D., Gotshall, R. W., Kluka, E. M., et al. (2001) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210100478 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The earliest rock salt exploitation in Europe: a salt mountain in the Spanish Neolithic
Weller, O. (2002) · Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s0003598x0009030x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
High protein diet complements resin therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia.
Wolfe, B. M. J., & Giovannetti, P. M. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wheat: its processing and utilization
Nelson, J. (1985) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/41.5.1070 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Evolving health: The origins of illness and how the modern world is making us sick
Caldararo, N. (2003) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.10176 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
From normotension to hypertension in Kenyans and Ugandans 1928-1978.
Hc, T. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Feedlot Empire: Beef Cattle Feeding in Illinois and Iowa, 1840-1900
(1976) · The Annals of Iowa · doi:10.17077/0003-4827.11265 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The decline in stroke mortality An epidemiologic perspective
Klag, M. J., & Whelton, P. K. (1993) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(93)90119-o · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Secular changes in the stature of adults and the secular trend of the modern sugar consumption
Ziegler, E. (1967) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/bf00515444 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of repeated urea dilution measurement on feedlot performance and consistency of estimated body composition in steers of different breed types.
Wells, R. S., & Preston, R. L. (1998) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1998.76112799x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Contribution of Various Tissues and Organs to Total Body Mass in the Mule Deer
Hakonson, T. E., & Whicker, F. W. (1971) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1378608 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Geographic cancer risk and intracellular potassium/sodium ratios.
Jansson, B. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
LOW SODIUM CHLORIDE INTAKE IN THE TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA AND TENSION STATES
MILLER, M. M. (1945) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1945.02860380020005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bone marrow fat index and kidney-fat index of several antelope species from Transkei
Shackleton, C. M., & Granger, C. (1989) · African Journal of Wildlife Research · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An Overview of Oils and Fats, with a Special Emphasis on Olive Oil
O’Keefe, S. F. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521402149.038 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flour for Man's Bread: A History of Milling
Kirkland, E. C., Storck, J., & Teague, W. D. (1953) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1842199 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Contribution of Tissues to Body Mass in Elk
Meadows, S. D., & Hakonson, T. E. (1982) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3808588 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Salt Consumption in Ancient Polynesia
Norton, S. A. (1992) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.1992.0016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Feedlot Empire: Beef Cattle Feeding in Illinois and Iowa, 1840–1900
Fite, G. C. (1975) · History Reviews of New Books · doi:10.1080/03612759.1975.9945204 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Conception of a Single, ‘Saccharine Disease’
Cleave, T. L. (1974) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7236-0368-9.50007-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Social Brain Hypothesis
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Abrams HL. The relevance of Paleolithic diet in determining contem- porary nutritional needs. J Appl Nutr 1979;31:43-59.
National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis: review of the evi- dence for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and cost-effectiveness analysis. Osteoporos Int 1998;8(suppl):S1-88.
Bar-Yosef O. The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evol Anthropol 1998;6:159 -77.
Galloway JH. 2000. Sugar. In: Kiple KF, Ornelas KC, eds. The Cam- bridge world history of food. Vol 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000:437-49.
Comer J. Distilled beverages. In: Kiple KF, Ornelas KC, eds. The Cambridge world history of food. Vol 1. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000:653-64.
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary fats: total fat and fatty acids. In: Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronu- trients). Washington, DC: The National Academy Press, 2002:335- 432.

Sorted by citations

Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa
De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J. B., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccini, G., & Lionetti, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107 · Cited by 5,579 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis
Koeth, R. A., Wang, Z., Levison, B. S., Buffa, J. A., Org, E., Sheehy, B. T., Britt, E. B., Fu, X., Wu, Y., Li, L., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3145 · Cited by 4,386 · see citing works
The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health
Conlon, M., & Bird, A. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7010017 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
Ultra‐processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers
Baker, P., Machado, P., Santos, T., Sievert, K., Backholer, K., Hadjikakou, M., Russell, C., Huse, O., Bell, C., Scrinis, G., et al. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13126 · Cited by 1,194 · see citing works
Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer
O'Keefe, S. J. D. (2016) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.165 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review
Kennedy, D. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8020068 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets
Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J. S., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.116 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century
Blasbalg, T. L., Hibbeln, J. R., Ramsden, C. E., Majchrzak, S. F., & Rawlings, R. R. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.006643 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Depression as a disease of modernity: explanations for increasing prevalence
Hidaka, B. H. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.036 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Advanced glycation endproducts in food and their effects on health
Poulsen, M. W., Hedegaard, R. V., Andersen, J. M., de Courten, B., Bügel, S., Nielsen, J., Skibsted, L. H., & Dragsted, L. O. (2013) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.052 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease
Sedghi, L., DiMassa, V., Harrington, A., Lynch, S. V., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12393 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses
Barański, M., Średnicka-Tober, D., Volakakis, N., Seal, C., Sanderson, R., Stewart, G. B., Benbrook, C., Biavati, B., Markellou, E., Giotis, C., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514001366 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
“Also, while some studies concluded that protein content in most European and North American diets is too high and that this contributes to the increasing incidence of diabetes and obesity((63)), other studies reported that increasing protein intake levels may be a strategy to prevent obesity((64)).”
Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions
Adler, C. J., Dobney, K., Weyrich, L. S., Kaidonis, J., Walker, A. W., Haak, W., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Townsend, G., Sołtysiak, A., Alt, K. W., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2536 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota
Derrien, M., & van Hylckama Vlieg, J. E. T. (2015) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.002 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
A conceptual framework for the developmental origins of health and disease
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Buklijas, T. (2010) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174409990171 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Postprandial Hyperglycemia/Hyperlipidemia (Postprandial Dysmetabolism) Is a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
O’Keefe, J. H., & Bell, D. S. H. (2007) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.107 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Self-citation
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): Biochemistry, Signaling, Analytical Methods, and Epigenetic Effects
Perrone, A., Giovino, A., Benny, J., & Martinelli, F. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/3818196 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Large-scale genome-wide analysis links lactic acid bacteria from food with the gut microbiome
Pasolli, E., De Filippis, F., Mauriello, I. E., Cumbo, F., Walsh, A. M., Leech, J., Cotter, P. D., Segata, N., & Ercolini, D. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16438-8 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Interactions between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Zhang, M., Sun, K., Wu, Y., Yang, Y., Tso, P., & Wu, Z. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00942 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization
Carrera-Bastos, P., Fontes, O'Keefe, Lindeberg, & Cordain (2011) · Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.2147/rrcc.s16919 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: A randomized controlled trial
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.229 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
The food-gut axis: lactic acid bacteria and their link to food, the gut microbiome and human health
De Filippis, F., Pasolli, E., & Ercolini, D. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuaa015 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Healthy aging diets other than the Mediterranean: A focus on the Okinawan diet
Willcox, D. C., Scapagnini, G., & Willcox, B. J. (2014) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2014.01.002 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets
Freire, R. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome
Armet, A. M., Deehan, E. C., O’Sullivan, A. F., Mota, J. F., Field, C. J., Prado, C. M., Lucey, A. J., & Walter, J. (2022) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.016 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context
Ruiz-Núñez, B., Pruimboom, L., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. J., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2013) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Gut Microbiome of Coexisting BaAka Pygmies and Bantu Reflects Gradients of Traditional Subsistence Patterns
Gomez, A., Petrzelkova, K. J., Burns, M. B., Yeoman, C. J., Amato, K. R., Vlckova, K., Modry, D., Todd, A., Jost Robinson, C. A., Remis, M. J., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.013 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Effects of brain evolution on human nutrition and metabolism
Leonard, W. R., Snodgrass, J. J., & Robertson, M. L. (2007) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093659 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Relationships between diet-related changes in the gut microbiome and cognitive flexibility
Magnusson, K. R., Hauck, L., Jeffrey, B. M., Elias, V., Humphrey, A., Nath, R., Perrone, A., & Bermudez, L. E. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.016 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Leveraging diet to engineer the gut microbiome
Wolter, M., Grant, E. T., Boudaud, M., Steimle, A., Pereira, G. V., Martens, E. C., & Desai, M. S. (2021) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00512-7 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Schwingshackl, L., Hoffmann, G., Kalle-Uhlmann, T., Arregui, M., Buijsse, B., & Boeing, H. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140846 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Deficient Liver Biosynthesis of Docosahexaenoic Acid Correlates with Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease
Astarita, G., Jung, K.-M., Berchtold, N. C., Nguyen, V. Q., Gillen, D. L., Head, E., Cotman, C. W., & Piomelli, D. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012538 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
An anti-inflammatory diet as a potential intervention for depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tolkien, K., Bradburn, S., & Murgatroyd, C. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.007 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Porter, K., Beversdorf, D. Q., Lemeshow, S., & Glaser, R. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180313a45 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Diet drives quick changes in the metabolic activity and composition of human gut microbiota in a validated in vitro gut model
Aguirre, M., Eck, A., Koenen, M. E., Savelkoul, P. H. M., Budding, A. E., & Venema, K. (2016) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2015.09.006 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Application of the food choice questionnaire across cultures: Systematic review of cross-cultural and single country studies
Cunha, L. M., Cabral, D., Moura, A. P., & de Almeida, M. D. V. (2018) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.10.007 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Dietary advanced glycation end products modify gut microbial composition and partially increase colon permeability in rats
Qu, W., Yuan, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Hu, J., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2017) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700118 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Targeting the gut microbiota with inulin-type fructans: preclinical demonstration of a novel approach in the management of endothelial dysfunction
Catry, E., Bindels, L. B., Tailleux, A., Lestavel, S., Neyrinck, A. M., Goossens, J.-F., Lobysheva, I., Plovier, H., Essaghir, A., Demoulin, J.-B., et al. (2018) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313316 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Source and Amount of Carbohydrate in the Diet and Inflammation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Barrea, L., Marzullo, P., Muscogiuri, G., Di Somma, C., Scacchi, M., Orio, F., Aimaretti, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2018) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422418000136 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Dietary Acid Load and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the ARIC Study
Rebholz, C. M., Coresh, J., Grams, M. E., Steffen, L. M., Anderson, C. A. M., Appel, L. J., & Crews, D. C. (2015) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000443746 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats
Plantinga, E. A., Bosch, G., & Hendriks, W. H. (2011) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511002285 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Gardner, C. D., Vadiveloo, M. K., Petersen, K. S., Anderson, C. A. M., Springfield, S., Van Horn, L., Khera, A., Lamendola, C., Mayo, S. M., Joseph, J. J., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001146 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Slow food, fast food and the control of food intake
de Graaf, C., & Kok, F. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.41 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
High Intake of Sugar and the Balance between Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Gut Bacteria
Satokari, R. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051348 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis
Santonocito, S., Giudice, A., Polizzi, A., Troiano, G., Merlo, E. M., Sclafani, R., Grosso, G., & Isola, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122426 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a treatment strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Jump, D. B., Lytle, K. A., Depner, C. M., & Tripathy, S. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.007 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
An obesogenic diet during mouse pregnancy modifies maternal nutrient partitioning and the fetal growth trajectory
Sferruzzi‐Perri, A. N., Vaughan, O. R., Haro, M., Cooper, W. N., Musial, B., Charalambous, M., Pestana, D., Ayyar, S., Ferguson‐Smith, A. C., Burton, G. J., et al. (2013) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.13-234823 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effect of an Internet-based, personalized nutrition randomized trial on dietary changes associated with the Mediterranean diet: the Food4Me Study
Livingstone, K. M., Celis-Morales, C., Navas-Carretero, S., San-Cristobal, R., Macready, A. L., Fallaize, R., Forster, H., Woolhead, C., O’Donovan, C. B., Marsaux, C. F., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.129049 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Current Food Classifications in Epidemiological Studies Do Not Enable Solid Nutritional Recommendations for Preventing Diet-Related Chronic Diseases: The Impact of Food Processing
Fardet, A., Rock, E., Bassama, J., Bohuon, P., Prabhasankar, P., Monteiro, C., Moubarac, J.-C., & Achir, N. (2015) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.008789 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
New insights into the relationship between taste perception and oral microbiota composition
Cattaneo, C., Gargari, G., Koirala, R., Laureati, M., Riso, P., Guglielmetti, S., & Pagliarini, E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40374-3 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Multidimensional characterization of global food supply from 1961 to 2013
Bentham, J., Singh, G. M., Danaei, G., Green, R., Lin, J. K., Stevens, G. A., Farzadfar, F., Bennett, J. E., Di Cesare, M., Dangour, A. D., et al. (2020) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-019-0012-2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Impact of the Level of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet on the Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Bakaloudi, D. R., Chrysoula, L., Kotzakioulafi, E., Theodoridis, X., & Chourdakis, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051514 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Consumption of low-fat dairy foods for 6 months improves insulin resistance without adversely affecting lipids or bodyweight in healthy adults: a randomized free-living cross-over study
Rideout, T. C., Marinangeli, C. P. F., Martin, H., Browne, R. W., & Rempel, C. B. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-56 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dietary glycotoxins exacerbate progression of experimental fatty liver disease
Leung, C., Herath, C. B., Jia, Z., Goodwin, M., Mak, K. Y., Watt, M. J., Forbes, J. M., & Angus, P. W. (2014) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.033 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The microbiota and chronic kidney diseases: a double‐edged sword
Felizardo, R. J. F., Castoldi, A., Andrade‐Oliveira, V., & Câmara, N. O. S. (2016) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1038/cti.2016.36 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Obesity associated disease risk: the role of inherent differences and location of adipose depots
Hill, J. H., Solt, C., & Foster, M. T. (2018) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2018-0012 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and recent human evolution
Corbett, S., & Morin-Papunen, L. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.001 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Postprandial energy expenditure in whole-food and processed-food meals: implications for daily energy expenditure
Barr, S., & Wright, J. (2010) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5144 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gut microbiome diversity influenced more by the Westernized dietary regime than the body mass index as assessed using effect size statistic
Davis, S. C., Yadav, J. S., Barrow, S. D., & Robertson, B. K. (2017) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.476 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Background paper on global trends in food production, intake and composition
Wolmarans, P. (2009) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000229005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Influence of Ethnicity on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Study and Review of the Literature
Girgis, C. M., Gunton, J. E., & Cheung, N. W. (2012) · ISRN Endocrinology · doi:10.5402/2012/341638 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nutrition Therapy in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Time to Move Forward
Hernandez, T. L., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0014 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inflammation mediates the association between fatty acid intake and depression in older men and women
Lai, J. S., Oldmeadow, C., Hure, A. J., McEvoy, M., Hiles, S. A., Boyle, M., & Attia, J. (2016) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.11.017 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dietary Habits of 2- to 9-Year-Old American Children Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition
Herman, D. R., Rhoades, N., Mercado, J., Argueta, P., Lopez, U., & Flores, G. E. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.07.024 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Influence of Paleolithic diet on anthropometric markers in chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis
de Menezes, E. V. A., Sampaio, H. A. D. C., Carioca, A. A. F., Parente, N. A., Brito, F. O., Moreira, T. M. M., de Souza, A. C. C., & Arruda, S. P. M. (2019) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0457-z · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Evolutionary origins of polycystic ovary syndrome: An environmental mismatch disorder
Charifson, M. A., & Trumble, B. C. (2019) · Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoz011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Behavioral and Complementary Approaches for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Wald, A., & Rakel, D. (2008) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533608318677 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biochemistry: Perspectives from Human Nutrition
Innis, S. M. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00147 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Pesco-Mediterranean Diet With Intermittent Fasting
O’Keefe, J. H., Torres-Acosta, N., O’Keefe, E. L., Saeed, I. M., Lavie, C. J., Smith, S. E., & Ros, E. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.049 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
A multidisciplinary reconstruction of Palaeolithic nutrition that holds promise for the prevention and treatment of diseases of civilisation
Kuipers, R. S., Joordens, J. C. A., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2012) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422412000017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Energy expenditure and dietary intake during high-volume and low-volume training periods among male endurance athletes
Drenowatz, C., Eisenmann, J. C., Carlson, J. J., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2012) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-155 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Organoid transplant approaches for the liver
Reza, H. A., Okabe, R., & Takebe, T. (2021) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/tri.14128 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids upregulate energy dissipating metabolic pathways conveying anti-obesogenic effects in mice
Worsch, S., Heikenwalder, M., Hauner, H., & Bader, B. L. (2018) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-018-0291-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Decoding the Foodome: Molecular Networks Connecting Diet and Health
Menichetti, G., Barabási, A.-L., & Loscalzo, J. (2024) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-062322-030557 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effect of Dietary Fiber on the Composition of the Murine Dental Microbiome
Sedghi, L., Byron, C., Jennings, R., Chlipala, G. E., Green, S. J., & Silo-Suh, L. (2019) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj7020058 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A selection pressure landscape for 870 human polygenic traits
Song, W., Shi, Y., Wang, W., Pan, W., Qian, W., Yu, S., Zhao, M., & Lin, G. N. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01231-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Immunologic Impact of Nutrient Depletion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Herzog, R., & Cunningham-Rundles, S. (2011) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/138945011794751500 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Plcg2M28L Interacts With High Fat/High Sugar Diet to Accelerate Alzheimer’s Disease-Relevant Phenotypes in Mice
Oblak, A. L., Kotredes, K. P., Pandey, R. S., Reagan, A. M., Ingraham, C., Perkins, B., Lloyd, C., Baker, D., Lin, P. B., Soni, D. M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.886575 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Metabolic syndrome increases the risk for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and AD (Kivipelto et al., 2001; Luchsinger et al., 2004; Cordain et al., 2005; Whitmer et al., 2008).”
Background
Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis and animal models
Schumacher, S. M., Doyle, W. J., Hill, K., & Ochoa‐Repáraz, J. (2025) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.17161 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Yield and Quality of Multiple Harvests of Filamentous Ulva Tepida
Carl, C., Magnusson, M., Paul, N. A., & de Nys, R. (2016) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-016-0831-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Association Between Short-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Post-Adolescent Acne: The Evidence from a Time Series Analysis in Xi’an, China
Li, X., An, S.-J., Liu, X.-L., Ji, A.-L., Cao, Y., Xiang, Y., Ma, X.-Y., Hu, Q., Yuan, Z.-Q., Li, Y.-F., et al. (2021) · Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s320248 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
How to Build a Healthy Heart from Scratch
Thornburg, K. L. R., & Challis, J. R. G. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1031-1_18 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
What Enables Size-Selective Trophy Hunting of Wildlife?
Darimont, C. T., & Child, K. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103487 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“supplied foods, which often underlie obesity [41].”
Inflammatory Cytokines, but Not Dietary Patterns, Are Related to Somatic Symptoms of Depression in a Sample of Women
Hazeltine, D. B., Polokowski, A. R., & Reigada, L. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.822466 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chrononutrition in the aging era: Circadian regulation of metabolism, resilience, and healthy longevity
Granero, N., Mancinetti, F., Mecocci, P., & Boccardi, V. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103416

Pig domestication in ancient China
Yuan, J., & Flad, R. K. (2002) · Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s0003598x00091171 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Plant domestication versus crop evolution: a conceptual framework for cereals and grain legumes
Abbo, S., van‐Oss, R. P., Gopher, A., et al. (2014) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.12.002 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Animal domestications
Outram, A. K. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.013.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Animal experience of domestication.
Boivin, X. (2018) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781786392459.0154 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rabbits and the Specious Origins of Domestication
Irving-Pease, E. K., Frantz, L. A. F., Sykes, N., Callou, C., & Larson, G. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2017.12.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Authors: Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Sebastian, A., Mann, N., Lindeberg, S., Watkins, B. A., O’Keefe, J. H., & Brand-Miller, J.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author: Cordain, Loren
ORCID: Watkins, Bruce A
O’Keefe, James H
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-02
Volume: 81
Issue: 2
Pages: 341-354
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341
OpenAlex: W2168162793
Cited by: 2,397
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 153 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 168 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 142 · 2016: 129 · 2015: 131 · 2014: 133 · 2013: 128 · 2012: 119
FWCI: 8.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 6598 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
Keywords: Western diet, diet evolution, Neolithic transition, agricultural transformation, civilization diseases, glycemic load, fatty acid composition, macronutrient composition, micronutrient density, acid-base balance, Na+/K+ ratio, dietary fiber, food processing, chronic disease
MeSH terms: Acid-Base Equilibrium, Agriculture, Chronic Disease, Diet, Dietary Fiber, Biological Evolution, Fatty Acids, Food Analysis, Food Handling, Humans, Sodium, Dietary, United States, Potassium, Dietary, Glycemic Index

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century1,2

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks