Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences

Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and ?-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man

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Magnesium Replacement Improves the Metabolic Profile in Obese and Pre-Diabetic Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease: A 3-Month, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

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Genetics of Food Intake Self-Regulation in Childhood: Literature Review and Research Opportunities

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Impact of Informing Overweight Individuals about the Role of Genetics in Obesity: An Online Experimental Study

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Use and Abuse of HOMA Modeling

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A Common Variant in the FTO Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity

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Critical nodes in signalling pathways: insights into insulin action

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Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight

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Role of Brain Insulin Receptor in Control of Body Weight and Reproduction

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Role of Fatty Acids in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and NIDDM

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Intranasal insulin administration decreases cerebral blood flow in cortico‐limbic regions: A neuropharmacological imaging study in normal and overweight males

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Thyroid hormone improves insulin signaling and reduces the activation of neurodegenerative pathway in the hippocampus of diabetic adult male rats

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Comparison of endocannabinoids levels, FAAH gene polymorphisms, and appetite regulatory substances in women with and without binge eating disorder: a cross- sectional study

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Metabolic and Neurocognitive Changes Following Lifestyle Modification: Examination of Biomarkers from the ENLIGHTEN Randomized Clinical Trial

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From attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease—Wnt/mTOR pathways hypothesis

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Obesity during preclinical Alzheimer's disease development exacerbates brain metabolic decline

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Effects of 5-HT and insulin on learning and memory formation in food-deprived snails

Aonuma, H., Totani, Y., Kaneda, M., Nakamura, R., Watanabe, T., Hatakeyama, D., Dyakonova, V. E., Lukowiak, K., & Ito, E. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.12.010 · Cited by 27

A socioeconomic and behavioral survey of patients with difficult-to-control type 2 diabetes mellitus reveals an association between diabetic retinopathy and educational attainment

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Associations of Brain Reactivity to Food Cues with Weight Loss, Protein Intake and Dietary Restraint during the PREVIEW Intervention

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Hypothyroidism and Diabetes-Related Dementia: Focused on Neuronal Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, and Dyslipidemia

Kim, H. K., & Song, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23062982 · Cited by 33

Role of insulin in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction

Evans, M. C., Hill, J. W., & Anderson, G. M. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12930 · Cited by 24

New Insights into Mitochondrial–Nuclear Interactions Revealed through Analysis of Small RNAs

Pozzi, A., & Dowling, D. K. (2022) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evac023 · Cited by 24

Polygenic risk of type 2 diabetes is associated with incident vascular dementia: a prospective cohort study

Dybjer, E., Kumar, A., Nägga, K., Engström, G., Mattsson, N., Nilsson, P. M., Melander, O., & Hansson, O. (2023) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad054 · Cited by 25

To Do or Not to Do: Dopamine, Affordability and the Economics of Opportunity

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Relationship between hedonic hunger and serum levels of insulin, leptin and BDNF in the Iranian population

Aliasghari, F., Yagin, N. L., & Mahdavi, R. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.013 · Cited by 26

Isoflurane aggravates peripheral and central insulin resistance in high-fat diet/streptozocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice

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Neonatal Exposure to Anesthesia Leads to Cognitive Deficits in Old Age: Prevention with Intranasal Administration of Insulin in Mice

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CHCHD2 p. Thr61Ile knock‐in mice exhibit motor defects and neuropathological features of Parkinson's disease

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Low Tri-iodothyronine Syndrome Is Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Cohort Study

Chen, H., Wu, Y., Huang, G., He, W., Lin, S., Zhang, X., & He, J. (2018) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.07.007 · Cited by 24

Brain insulin resistance mediated cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration: Type-3 diabetes or Alzheimer’s Disease

Ahlawat, A., Walia, V., & Garg, M. (2025) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-024-02706-7 · Cited by 26

Prediabetes transitions to normoglycaemia or type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors in the Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Collaboration: an individual-level pooled analysis of 19 prospective cohort studies

Davoodian, N., Lotfaliany, M., Huxley, R., Lee, C., Pasco, J. A., Adams, R., Azizi, F., Bertoni, A. G., Björkelund, C., Colagiuri, S., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00237-2 · Cited by 22

Bifidobacterium spp. reshaping in the gut microbiota by low dose of juçara supplementation and hypothalamic insulin resistance in Wistar rats

Jamar, G., Santamarina, A. B., Mennitti, L. V., César, H., Oyama, L. M., de Rosso, V. V., & Pisani, L. P. (2018) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.002 · Cited by 22

Incretin hormones, insulin, glucagon and advanced glycation end products in relation to cognitive function in older people with and without diabetes, a population‐based study

Dybjer, E., Engström, G., Helmer, C., Nägga, K., Rorsman, P., & Nilsson, P. M. (2020) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14267 · Cited by 22

Elevation of cortical C26:0 due to the decline of peroxisomal β-oxidation potentiates amyloid β generation and spatial memory deficits via oxidative stress in diabetic rats

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Cognitive Impairment Mediates Workplace Impairment in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results From the Motivaction Study

Lee, Y. L., Smofsky, A., Nykoliation, P., Allain, S., Lewis-Daly, L., Schwartz, J., Pollack, J. H., Tarride, J., & McIntyre, R. S. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.013 · Cited by 21

Expression of GLP-1 receptors in insulin-containing interneurons of rat cerebral cortex

Csajbók, É., Kocsis, Á. K., Faragó, N., Furdan, S., Kovács, B., Lovas, S., Molnár, G., Likó, I., Zvara, Á., Puskás, L. G., et al. (2019) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4803-z · Cited by 19

Connectivity-based localization of human hypothalamic nuclei in functional images of standard voxel size

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Resting-state functional connectivity of the human hypothalamus

Kullmann, S., & Veit, R. (2021) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00005-4 · Cited by 19

Central Nervous Insulin Administration before Nocturnal Sleep Decreases Breakfast Intake in Healthy Young and Elderly Subjects

Santiago, J. C. P., & Hallschmid, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00054 · Cited by 18

An insulin resistance associated neural correlate of impulsivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Eckstrand, K., Mummareddy, N., Kang, H., Cowan, R. L., Zhou, M., Zald, D. H., Silver, H. J., Niswender, K. D., & Avison, M. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189113 · Cited by 20

Fetal programming of human energy homeostasis brain networks: Issues and considerations

Rasmussen, J. M., Thompson, P. M., Entringer, S., Buß, C., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13392 · Cited by 20

Altered Brain Adiponectin Receptor Expression in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Pratap, A. A., & Holsinger, R. M. D. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13070150 · Cited by 16

Sirt3 deficiency induced down regulation of insulin degrading enzyme in comorbid Alzheimer’s disease with metabolic syndrome

Tyagi, A., Musa, M., Labeikovsky, W., & Pugazhenthi, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23652-5 · Cited by 18

Leptin Replacement Reestablishes Brain Insulin Action in the Hypothalamus in Congenital Leptin Deficiency

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Early Life Adversity and Polygenic Risk for High Fasting Insulin Are Associated With Childhood Impulsivity

Batra, A., Chen, L. M., Wang, Z., Parent, C. I., Pokhvisneva, I., Patel, S. H., Levitan, R. D., Meaney, M. J., & Silveira, P. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.704785 · Cited by 16

Hypothalamic neuronal-glial crosstalk in metabolic disease

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Therapeutic Potential of Antidiabetic Medications in the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia

Umegaki, H. (2016) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-016-0375-0 · Cited by 17

Intranasal insulin improves the structure–function of the brain mitochondrial ATP–sensitive Ca2+ activated potassium channel and respiratory chain activities under diabetic conditions

Torabi, N., Noursadeghi, E., Shayanfar, F., Nazari, M., Fahanik‐Babaei, J., Saghiri, R., Khodagholi, F., & Eliassi, A. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166075 · Cited by 15

Molecular effects of dietary fatty acids on brain insulin action and mitochondrial function

Chudoba, C., Wardelmann, K., & Kleinridders, A. (2019) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2018-0477 · Cited by 16

Nasal insulin administration does not affect hepatic glucose production at systemic fasting insulin levels

Plomgaard, P., Hansen, J. S., Ingerslev, B., Clemmesen, J. O., Secher, N. H., van Hall, G., Fritsche, A., Weigert, C., Lehmann, R., Häring, H., et al. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13615 · Cited by 16

Placebo controlled phase II clinical trial: Safety and efficacy of combining intranasal insulin & acute exercise

Gwizdala, K. L., Ferguson, D. P., Kovan, J. R., Novak, V., & Pontifex, M. B. (2021) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00727-2 · Cited by 16

Is the association between dietary patterns and cognition mediated by children's adiposity? A longitudinal approach in Generation XXI birth cohort

Marinho, A., Severo, M., Vilela, S., Costa, R. A., de Lauzon‐Guillain, B., Torres, D. P. M., & Lopes, C. M. M. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.029 · Cited by 15

Putative Involvement of Endocrine Disruptors in the Alzheimer's Disease Via the Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase/GLUT4 Pathway

Ramírez-Expósito, M. J., Martínez-Martos, J. M., Cantón-Habas, V., & Carrera-González, M. P. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666201111103024 · Cited by 17

Effects of Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein on cognitive and emotional assessment in prediabetic and diabetic subjects

Mancuso, E., Spiga, R., Rubino, M., Averta, C., Rotundo, S., Segura‐Garcìa, C., Mannino, G. C., Sesti, G., & Andreozzi, F. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.135 · Cited by 14

Insulin resistance in diabetes: The promise of using induced pluripotent stem cell technology

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Different impacts of acylated and non-acylated long-acting insulin analogs on neural functions in vitro and in vivo

Tsuneki, H., Yoshida, H., Endo, K., Mori, N., Hosoh, S., Tsuda, M., Wada, T., & Sasaoka, T. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.032 · Cited by 14

Family History of Diabetes Is Associated With Delayed Fetal Postprandial Brain Activity

Schleger, F., Linder, K., Walter, L., Heni, M., Brändle, J., Brucker, S. Y., Pauluschke‐Fröhlich, J., Weiß, M., Häring, H., Preissl, H. T., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00673 · Cited by 14

Brain substrate metabolism and ß‐cell function in humans: A positron emission tomography study

Rebelos, E., Mari, A., Bucci, M., Honka, M., Hannukainen, J. C., Virtanen, K. A., Hirvonen, J., Nummenmaa, L., Heni, M., Iozzo, P., et al. (2020) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.136 · Cited by 14

Ectopic fat accumulation in human astrocytes impairs insulin action

Heni, M., Eckstein, S. S., Schittenhelm, J., Böhm, A., Hogrefe, N., Irmler, M., Beckers, J., de Angelis, M. H., Häring, H., Fritsche, A., et al. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.200701 · Cited by 14

Rational design of oral delivery nanosystems for hypoglycemic peptides

Peng, T., Shao, X., Li, L., Liu, H., Song, W., Hou, J., Zhong, H., Ding, Y., & Huang, Y. (2023) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102031 · Cited by 13

Intranasal insulin intake and exercise improve memory function in amyloid-β induced Alzheimer's-like disease in rats: Involvement of hippocampal BDNF-TrkB receptor

Larijani, S. F., Hassanzadeh, G., Zahmatkesh, M., Radfar, F., & Farahmandfar, M. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114814 · Cited by 13

Chemokine CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) Signaling and Diabetic Encephalopathy

Wątroba, M., Grabowska, A. D., & Szukiewicz, D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25147527 · Cited by 13

Insulin and disorders of behavioural flexibility

Sullivan, M., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Camacho‐Barcia, L., Harkin, A., Macrì, S., Mora‐Maltas, B., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., O’Leary, A., Ottomana, A. M., Presta, M., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105169 · Cited by 15

Metabolic pathways in the periphery and brain: Contribution to mental disorders?

Nagalski, A., Koziński, K., & Wisniewska, M. B. (2016) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.012 · Cited by 14

The Role of Chronic Physical Activity in Alleviating the Detrimental Relationship of Childhood Obesity on Brain and Cognition

Hsieh, S., Raine, L. B., Ortega, F. B., & Hillman, C. H. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00230-7 · Cited by 14

Task-related fMRI BOLD response to hyperinsulinemia in healthy older adults

Williams, V. J., Trombetta, B. A., Jafri, R. Z., Koenig, A. M., Wennick, C. D., Carlyle, B. C., Ekhlaspour, L., Ahima, R. S., Russell, S. J., Salat, D. H., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.129700 · Cited by 12

Bariatric surgery restores visual cortical plasticity in nondiabetic subjects with obesity

Daniele, G., Lunghi, C., Dardano, A., Binda, P., Ceccarini, G., Santini, F., Giusti, L., Ciccarone, A., Bellini, R., Moretto, C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-00851-0 · Cited by 12

Insulin-like growth factor I sensitization rejuvenates sleep patterns in old mice

Zegarra-Valdivia, J. A., Fernandes, J., de Sevilla, M. E. F., Trueba-Sáiz, Á., Pignatelli, J., Suda, K., Martinez‐Rachadell, L., Fernandez, A. M., Esparza, J., Vega, M., et al. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00589-1 · Cited by 12

Insulin Analogues with Altered Insulin Receptor Isoform Binding Specificities and Enhanced Aggregation Stabilities

Páníková, T., Mitrová, K., Halamová, T., Mrzílková, K., Pícha, J., Chrudinová, M., Kurochka, A. S., Selicharová, I., Žáková, L., & Jiráček, J. (2021) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01388 · Cited by 11

Psychometric evaluation of three-factor eating questionnaire -R18 in aging Finnish men with increased risk for type 2 diabetes

Malkki-Keinänen, K., Lankinen, M. A., Karhunen, L. J., & Schwab, U. (2022) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060221112178 · Cited by 13

PKCα Isoform Inhibits Insulin Signaling and Aggravates Neuronal Insulin Resistance

Mishra, D., Reddy, I., & Dey, C. S. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03486-6 · Cited by 10

Deconstructing Diabetes and Depression: Clinical Context, Treatment Strategies, and New Directions

Gregory, J. M., Rosenblat, J. D., & McIntyre, R. S. (2016) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20150040 · Cited by 11

Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Activating Insulin Signaling and Improving Glucose Utilization in the Brain

Li, N., Yan, Q., Jing, Q., Pan, R., Wang, H.-J., Jiang, B., Li, X.-J., Wang, Y., Dong, J., Wang, X., et al. (2019) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-019-04153-3 · Cited by 10

Global, neuronal or β cell-specific deletion of inceptor improves glucose homeostasis in male mice with diet-induced obesity

Grandl, G., Colldén, G., Feng, J. B., Bhattacharya, S., Klingelhuber, F., Schomann, L., Bilekova, S., Ansarullah, M., Xu, W., Far, F. F., et al. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-00991-3 · Cited by 10

Effects of Subcortical Atrophy and Alzheimer’s Pathology on Cognition in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes: The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Study

Zhang, W., Lu, J., Zhao, Q., Zhang, X., Zhao, H., Bi, Y., Zhang, B., & Initiative, T. A. D. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.781938 · Cited by 9

Factors Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study

Tlemçani, F. Z. R., Elamari, S., Motaib, I., Laidi, S., Idrissi, N. A., Ahid, S., & Chadli, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.28305 · Cited by 9

Markers of adiposity, insulin resistance, prediabetes and cognitive function at baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA – Brasil)

Teixeira, M. M., Passos, V. M. D. A., Barreto, S. M., Schmidt, M. I., Duncan, B. B., Beleigoli, A. M. R., da Fonseca, M. D. J. M., Vidigal, P. G., de Figueiredo, R. C., Colosimo, E. A., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108499 · Cited by 10

Branched Chain Amino Acids at the Edge Bet

Haydar, S. (2018) · Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) · doi:10.4183/aeb.2018.238 · Cited by 11

Cerebrovascular insulin receptors are defective in Alzheimerˈs diseasePreprint

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Lifestyle Interventions and Innovative Approaches for the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders in Older Adults—State-Of-The-Art and Future Directions

Popescu, I. R., Lenain, M., Rovini, E., & Ruthsatz, M. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251330170 · Cited by 7

Oral Glucose Tolerance is Associated with Neuroelectric Indices of Attention Among Adults with Overweight and Obesity

Niemiro, G. M., Skinner, S. K., Walk, A. M., Edwards, C., Lisio, M. D., Holscher, H. D., Burd, N. A., & Khan, N. A. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22276 · Cited by 7

Dietary glycaemic index and cognitive function: prospective associations in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort

Philippou, E., Pot, G. K., Heraclides, A., Richards, M., & Bendayan, R. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001800352x · Cited by 8

Exploring peripheral biomarkers of response to simvastatin supplementation in schizophrenia.

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal insulin in a rat brain

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