Cited by 245Regulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences

Heni, Martin, Kullmann, Stephanie, Preissl, Hubert, Fritsche, Andreas, Häring, Hans-Ulrich·2015·Nature Reviews Endocrinology

DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2015.173

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Abstract

Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated that the human brain is an insulin-sensitive organ. Insulin regulates activity in a limited number of specific brain areas that are important for memory, reward, eating behaviour and the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Accordingly, insulin in the brain modulates cognition, food intake and body weight as well as whole-body glucose, energy and lipid metabolism. However, brain imaging studies have revealed that not everybody responds equally to insulin and that a substantial number of people are brain insulin resistant. In this Review, we provide an overview of the effects of insulin in the brain in humans and the relevance of the effects for physiology. We present emerging evidence for insulin resistance of the human brain. Factors associated with brain insulin resistance such as obesity and increasing age, as well as possible pathogenic factors such as visceral fat, saturated fatty acids, alterations at the blood-brain barrier and certain genetic polymorphisms, are reviewed. In particular, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin resistance are discussed and possible future approaches to overcome brain insulin resistance and thereby prevent or treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are outlined.

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Authors: Heni, M., Kullmann, S., Preissl, H., Fritsche, A., & Häring, H.-U.
Affiliations: German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
Corresponding author: Heni, Martin
ORCID: Heni, Martin
Kullmann, Stephanie
Preissl, Hubert
Fritsche, Andreas
Häring, Hans-Ulrich
Venue: Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-10-13
Volume: 11
Issue: 12
Pages: 701-711
ISSN: 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
1759-5037
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.173
OpenAlex: W2199402593
Cited by: 245
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 2.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: brain insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, visceral fat, saturated fatty acids, blood-brain barrier, genetic polymorphism, food intake regulation, energy metabolism, whole-body glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, cognitive function, eating behaviour
MeSH terms: Body Weight, Brain Chemistry, Cognition, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance

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Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences

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