The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reflex control of immunity
Open accessAbstract
Inflammation can cause damage and even death. What controls this primitive and potentially lethal innate immune response to injury and infection? Molecular and neurophysiological studies during the past decade have revealed a pivotal answer: immunity is coordinated by neural circuits that operate reflexively. The afferent arc of the reflex consists of nerves that sense injury and infection. This activates efferent neural circuits, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, that modulate immune responses and the progression of inflammatory diseases. It might be possible to develop therapeutics that target neural networks for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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“Interestingly, evidence suggests that activation of the parasympathetic nervous system also can modulate the activity of the immune system via alterations in vagal release of acetylcholine from T cells (Tracey, 2009).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Tracey, 2009
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“Additional evidence suggests that the parasympathetic nervous system modulates immune responses at a regional level through both the efferent and afferent fibers of the vagus nerve, enabling it to prevent excessive inflammation”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Tracey, 2009
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In the citing paper
“For example, motor vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the activation of NFκB following an immune challenge (Tracey, 2009).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Tracey, 2009
In the citing paper
“ACh binds to α-7-nicotinic ACh receptors of those macrophages to inhibit the TNF-α (69).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [69]
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“with evidence that vagal activity can modulate immune responses at a regional level through both the efferent and afferent fibers of the vagus nerve, to prevent excessive inflammation”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Tracey, 2009
In the citing paper
“Multiple non-exclusive pathways participate in the activation of the HPA axis upon cerebral or peripheral immune challenges. When an immunogenic insult takes place in the brain, various inflammatory mediators produced locally may trigger the HPA axis.”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
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Cites
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395
Origin and physiological roles of inflammation
Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618 · cited 1×
“1 ) — that interact with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which transduce intracellular signals, ultimately leading to the activation of NF-κB and the increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokine”
BackgroundVagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin
Borovikova, L. V., Ivanova, S., Zhang, M., Yang, H., Botchkina, G. I., Watkins, L. R., Wang, H., Abumrad, N., Eaton, J. W., & Tracey, K. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35013070 · Cited by 4,211 · cited 1×
“The 'inflammatory reflex' is one example of how action potentials originating in neurons continuously shape immunit”
BackgroundSelf-citationTracey, K. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01321 · Cited by 3,728 · cited 1×
“The 'inflammatory reflex' is one example of how action potentials originating in neurons continuously shape immunit”
BackgroundSelf-citationNicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation
Wang, H., Yu, M., Ochani, M., Amella, C. A., Tanovic, M., Susarla, S., Li, J. H., Wang, H., Yang, H., Ulloa, L., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01339 · Cited by 3,228
Self-citationDAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger
Bianchi, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0306164 · Cited by 2,794
Points of control in inflammation
Nathan, C. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01320 · Cited by 2,738 · cited 1×
“These molecules can activate TLRs, mannose receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors”
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BackgroundPhysiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway
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Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206
Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease
Block, M. L., & Calderón‐Garcidueñas, L. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.009 · Cited by 1,676
The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain
Collins, S. M., Surette, M., & Bercik, P. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2876 · Cited by 1,611
HMGB1 is a therapeutic target for sterile inflammation and infection
Andersson, U., & Tracey, K. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101323 · Cited by 1,437
Self-citationSepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management
Gotts, J. E., & Matthay, M. A. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i1585 · Cited by 1,308
Metadata
- Authors
- Tracey, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tracey, Kevin J.
- ORCID
- Tracey, Kevin J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 418-428
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC4535331
- OpenAlex
- W2029051866
- Cited by
- 1,154
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM057226)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, acetylcholine, inflammatory cytokines, neural circuits, innate immunity, neuroimmune regulation, inflammatory diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Catecholamines, Efferent Pathways, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypertension, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Receptors, Cholinergic, Reflex, Neuroimmunomodulation
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