The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota consists of a vast bacterial community that resides primarily in the lower gut and lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. A bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, known as the gut-brain axis, integrates the host gut and brain activities. Here, we describe the recent advances in our understanding of how the intestinal microbiota communicates with the brain via this axis to influence brain development and behaviour. We also review how this extended communication system might influence a broad spectrum of diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome, psychiatric disorders and demyelinating conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
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The bacterial family Porphyromonadaceae has been linked to declines in cognition and affective disorders.
“the bacterial family Porphyromonadaceae has been linked to declines in cognition and affective disorders”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Collins et al., 2012
The gut microbiome takes a crucial role in CNS function via affecting inflammation, endocrine system, and neurotransmission.
“Accumulating evidence from experimental studies supports the hypothesis that; via affecting inflammation, endocrine system, and neurotransmission; the gut microbiome takes a crucial role in the CNS function (Collins et al., 2012; Dinan and Cryan, 2013).”
From Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as Collins et al., 2012
Recent studies suggest gut microbiota changes may underlie IBS mechanisms such as visceral hypersensitivity, altered barrier function, gastrointestinal motility, and the gut-brain axis.
“recent studies suggest that changes in the gut microbiota may be responsible for underlying mechanisms associated with IBS such as visceral hypersensitivity, altered barrier function, gastrointestinal motility and the gut-brain axis90–93.”
From Update on Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms, and Outlook (2015) · cites this paper as [91]
During exercise, serotonin levels might also be increased through the kynurenine pathway and gut microbiota synthesis.
“However, during exercise, serotonin levels might also be increased through other known pathways: (i) kynurenine pathway [21], and (ii) gut microbiota synthesis [85, 86].”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [85]
High-fat diets could be detrimental to immune function compared to high carbohydrate diets.
“High-fat diets could be detrimental to immune function compared to high carbohydrate diets [85].”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [85]
The gastrointestinal microbiota influences host behaviour via bi-directional communication through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
“Mounting evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal microbiota influences host behaviour via bi-directional communication through what has been coined the microbiota-gut-brain axis [17, 18, 20, 29, 50, 60, 71].”
From Distinct actions of the fermented beverage kefir on host behaviour, immunity and microbiome gut-brain modules in the mouse (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Recently, the functional relation between the gut microbiota and brain function, termed the “gut–brain axis,” has become an emerging field in neuroscience and neuroimmunology (Collins et al., 2012; Cryan and Dinan, 2012).”
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“Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; AUC, area under the curve; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BM, Barnes maze; CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CLDN5, claudin 5; GF, germ-free; GRIN2B, glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA2B (epsilon 2), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit…”
Goodrich, J. K., Di Rienzi, S. C., Poole, A. C., Koren, O., Walters, W. A., Caporaso, J. G., Knight, R., & Ley, R. E. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.037 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
“The range of conditions with a host-microbiome interaction component continues to grow and has recently started to include neurological conditions (Collins et al., 2012).”
BackgroundFood Components and Dietary Habits: Keys for a Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition
Rinninella, E., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P. C., Lopetuso, L. R., Scaldaferri, F., Pulcini, G., Miggiano, G. A. D., Gasbarrini, A., & Mele, M. C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102393 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Gut microbiome and aging: physiological and mechanistic insights
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“thereby instigating an abnormal (hyper) inflammatory responses eventually affecting (disturbing) the gut-brain communication [84, 90, 93, 103, 104, 109, 112, 124, 158].”
BackgroundOur gut microbiome: The evolving inner self
Kundu, P., Blacher, E., Elinav, E., & Pettersson, S. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.024 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
“The ‘‘microbiome-gut-brain axis’’ (Braniste et al., 2014; Collins et al., 2012; Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011; O’Mahony et al., 2011; Rhee et al., 2009) represents the complex crosstalk between the gut, its microbiome, and the brain.”
Bedarf, J. R., Hildebrand, F., Coelho, L. P., Sunagawa, S., Bahram, M., Goeser, F., Bork, P., & Wüllner, U. (2017) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0428-y · Cited by 642 · see citing works
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“Until recently, little was known about the role of the microbiota in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS); however, there is now a burgeoning body of evidence indicating that the gut microbiota also influences the brain and behavior (Rhee et al., 2009; Collins et al., 2012; Cryan and Dinan, 2012; Dinan a…”
BackgroundNeurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut–Brain Axis
Mittal, R., Debs, L. H., Patel, A. P., Nguyen, D., Patel, K. V., O’Connor, G., Grati, M., Mittal, J., Yan, D. L. S., Eshraghi, A. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.25518 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
“In the CNS, serotonin is a key player within cognitive spheres involved inmood and behavior, as found in pathological models (Collins et al., 2012; O’Mahony et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRole and Mechanism of Gut Microbiota in Human Disease
Chen, Y., Zhou, J., & Wang, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.625913 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
“An increasing number of studies suggested that GM can modulate nervous, endocrine, and immune communication through the gut-brain axis which takes part in the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases, especially in Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) (Collins et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMicrobial genes, brain & behaviour – epigenetic regulation of the gut–brain axis
Stilling, R. M., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12109 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
“…on different aspects ranging from basic microbiology to translational applications (e.g. see Bercik et al. 2012; Berer & Krishnamoorthy 2012; Collins et al. 2012b, 2013; Cryan & Dinan 2012; Cryan & O’Mahony 2011; Forsythe & Kunze 2013; Lyte 2011, 2013; Nicholson et al. 2012; Rhee et al.…”
BackgroundIntestinal Dysbiosis Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Hevia, A., Milani, C., López, P., Cuervo, A., Arboleya, S., Duranti, S., Turroni, F., González, S., Suárez, A., Gueimonde, M., et al. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01548-14 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
“Currently, we know that the gut microbiota might affect food and drug metabolism (6), influences human behavior (7), shifts during the course of pregnancy (8), displays age-associated changes (9–12), and possesses distinctive features depending on geographical location (12, 13), among other features.”
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease hypothesis and related therapies
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“The influence of gut microbiota on behavior is becoming increasingly evident [85].”
BackgroundCrumeyrolle-Arias, M., Jaglin, M., Bruneau, A., Vancassel, S., Cardona, A., Daugé, V., Naudon, L., & Rabot, S. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.014 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Transportation noise pollution and cardiovascular disease
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Update on Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms, and Outlook
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“org/publicdomain/ze the immune system [4], modulation of gastrointestinal hormone release, and regulation of brain behavior through bidirectional neuronal signaling as part of the gutbrain axis [5].”
BackgroundMicrobiota and host determinants of behavioural phenotype in maternally separated mice
De Palma, G., Blennerhassett, P., Lu, J., Deng, Y., Park, A. J., Green, W., Denou, E., Silva, M. A., Santacruz, A., Sanz, Y., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8735 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
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A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders
Sorboni, S. G., Moghaddam, H. S., Jafarzadeh-Esfehani, R., & Soleimanpour, S. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00338-20 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria
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“Recent demonstrations of the ability of the intestinal microbiota in mice to influence brain development (9), neurochemistry (10), and cognitive (11) and emotive (12) functions have prompted consideration of a microbiota gut-brain axis (13).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe microbiome: a key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation
Rea, K., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.03.001 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
“amongst others (Bengmark, 2013; Borre et al., 2014a; Burokas et al., 2015b; Collins et al., 2012; Cryan and Dinan, 2015a), while the host provides the nutrients and environment in which the bacteria can thrive.”
Gut microbiome and liver diseases
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“76 Several communication channels by which gut microbes can signal to the brain have been identi-fi ed, including neuronal, endocrine and immune-mediated pathways.”
BackgroundThe Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders
Góralczyk-Bińkowska, A., Szmajda‐Krygier, D., & Kozłowska, E. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911245 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
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Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is regulated by the microbiome
Ogbonnaya, E. S., Clarke, G., Shanahan, F., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., & O’Leary, O. F. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.023 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Calder, P. C., Bosco, N., Bourdet‐Sicard, R., Capuron, L., Delzenne, N. M., Dore, J. M., Franceschi, C., Lehtinen, M. J., Recker, T., Salvioli, S., et al. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.001 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
“Moreover, the gut and the brain are highly connected through endocrine, immune and neural pathways (Collins et al., 2012) (Figure 3), and there is now strong evidence for a role of this gut-brain axis in the regulation of major brain functions, including mood and cognitive functions (Cryan and…”
Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Modulator of host metabolism and appetite
van de Wouw, M., Schellekens, H., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.240481 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
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“Evidence shows that microbes can have dramatic effects on behavior through the microbiome-gut-brain axis [6, 45, 46].”
BackgroundPart 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease.
Bull, M. J., & Plummer, N. T. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease
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Neuropeptides and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
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“• microbial factors that may directly reach the brain via the blood stream but can also interact with the other 3 transmission pathways [6-8].”
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“We propose that one needs to take a systems biology approach to correlate the complex functional dynamic in the gut ecosystem as a modulator of the gut-brain axis in the human host [14].”
BackgroundThe microbiome: stress, health and disease
Moloney, R. D., Desbonnet, L., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-013-9488-5 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
“…and the subject of microbiota–brain–gut axis dysregulation in stress-related CNS disorders has been the subject of a number of excellent recent reviews (Bested et al. 2013a, b; Bravo et al. 2012; Collins et al. 2012; Cryan and Dinan 2012; Foster and McVey Neufeld 2013; Scott et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialMetagenome Sequencing of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherer Gut Microbiota
Rampelli, S., Schnorr, S. L., Consolandi, C., Turroni, S., Severgnini, M., Peano, C., Brigidi, P., Crittenden, A. N., Henry, A. G., & Candela, M. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.055 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“In particular, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, and glutamate are important precursors for neurotransmitters and signaling transduction proteins and therefore could contribute to epithelial crosstalk and GM-mediated modulation of the host central nervous system through the vagus nerve [17].”
Savignac, H. M., Kiely, B., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12427 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression
Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2013) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12198 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Immunological Consequences of Intestinal Fungal Dysbiosis
Wheeler, M. L., Limon, J. J., Bar, A. S., Leal, C. A., Gargus, M. D., Tang, J., Brown, J. S., Funari, V. A., Wang, H. L., Crother, T. R., et al. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.003 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
“Microbial communities associated with mucosal surfaces of the body play essential roles in diverse biological processes ranging from digestion to behavior and are increasingly recognized as integral components of normal physiology (Clemente et al., 2012; Collins et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders
Zhu, S., Jiang, Y., Xu, K., Cui, M., Ye, W., Zhao, G., Jin, L., & Chen, X. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-1705-z · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“The microbiota of different habitats contribute to bidirectional brain-gut signaling through humoral, neural, and immunological pathogenic pathways [14].”
BackgroundGut microbiota in autism and mood disorders
Mangiola, F. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.361 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
(Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease
Buford, T. W. (2017) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0296-0 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
“microbiota, as evidenced by the fact that 70% of the body’s lymphocytes reside in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue [49].”
Sharkey, K. A., & Mawe, G. M. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2022 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Gut microbiome and depression: what we know and what we need to know
Winter, G., Hart, R. A., Charlesworth, R. P. G., & Sharpley, C. F. (2018) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0072 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Stress and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Visceral Pain: Relevance to Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Moloney, R. D., Johnson, A. C., O’Mahony, S. M., Dinan, T. G., Meerveld, B. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12490 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“More recently, the role of the gut microbiota in the bidirectional communication along the gut–brain axis, and subsequent changes in behavior, has emerged [15,16].”
BackgroundRole of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in nervous system disorders
Mirzaei, R., Bouzari, B., Hosseini‐Fard, S. R., Mazaheri, M., Ahmadyousefi, Y., Abdi, M., Jalalifar, S., Karimitabar, Z., Teimoori, A., Keyvani, H., et al. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111661 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Diet, Stress and Mental Health
Bremner, J. D., Moazzami, K., Wittbrodt, M. T., Nye, J. A., Lima, B. B., Gillespie, C. F., Rapaport, M. H., Pearce, B. D., Shah, A. J., & Vaccarino, V. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082428 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Recognizing Depression from the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
Liang, S., Wu, X., Hu, X., Wang, T., & Jin, F. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061592 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
“Scientists have started to pay attention to the role of the brain–gut axis in depression since 2009 [14,18,23,62,164,165].”
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota
Hu, X., Wang, T., & Jin, F. (2016) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-016-5083-9 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and diet in psychiatry: focus on depression
Dash, S., Clarke, G., Berk, M., & Jacka, F. N. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000117 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Bifidobacteria modulate cognitive processes in an anxious mouse strain
Savignac, H. M., Tramullas, M., Kiely, B., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.044 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Gubert, C., Kong, G., Renoir, T., & Hannan, A. J. (2019) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104621 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Microbiota controls the homeostasis of glial cells in the gut lamina propria
Kabouridis, P. S., Lasrado, R., McCallum, S., Chng, S. H., Snippert, H. J., Clevers, H., Pettersson, S., & Pachnis, V. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.037 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“The ENS regulates most aspects of GI physiology, such as peristalsis, blood supply to the gut wall, and secretion (Furness, 2006), and constitutes a relay station in the bi-directional neuro-endocrine pathways that connect the digestive system and the brain (gut-brain axis) (Collins et al., 2012).”
A role for the gut microbiota in IBS
Collins, S. M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.40 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationGut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Immunometabolism: New Frontiers for Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Belizário, J. E., Faintuch, J., & Garay-Malpartida, M. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/2037838 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
“Some of these factors act as major neurotransmitters and modulators of the brain-gut axis, and serotonin has central roles in sexuality, substance addiction, appetite, emotions, and stress response [18].”
BackgroundDeng, Y., Zhou, M., Wang, J., Yao, J., Yu, J., Liu, W., Wu, L., Wang, J., & Gao, R. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1869501 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Bacterial Neuroactive Compounds Produced by Psychobiotics
Wall, R., Cryan, J. F., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., Dinan, T. G., & Stanton, C. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_10 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease
Caputi, V., & Giron, M. C. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061689 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Fan, P. F., Liu, P., Song, P., Chen, X., & Ma, X. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43412 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Solfrizzi, V., Custodero, C., Lozupone, M., Imbimbo, B. P., Valiani, V., Agosti, P., Schilardi, A., D’Introno, A., Montagna, M. L., Calvani, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170248 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“In the past five years, there has been an increasing interest in the role that gut microbiota may play in the modulation of the bidirectional signaling underlying the gut–brain axis [112, 113].”
Dogra, S. K., Sakwińska, O., Soh, S., Ngom‐Bru, C., Brück, W. M., Berger, B. W., Brüssow, H., Lee, Y. S., Yap, F. K. P., Chong, Y. S., et al. (2015) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02419-14 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“Variation in the microbiota of the adult human gut has been linked to many outcomes, including a risk of autoimmune disease (1), response to toxins (2), and behavior (3).”
BackgroundThe impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology
Doifode, T., Giridharan, V. V., Generoso, J. S., Bhatti, G., Collodel, A., Schulz, P. E., Forlenza, O. V., & Barichello, T. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105314 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
A review of the relationship between the gut microbiota and amino acid metabolism
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Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury
Kigerl, K. A., Hall, J. C. E., Wang, L., Mo, X. M., Yu, Z., & Popovich, P. G. (2016) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20151345 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“Recent data indicate that gut microbes also regulate both normal development and disease pathogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS; Collins et al., 2012; Wang and Kasper, 2014; Benakis et al., 2016; Winek et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEffect of probiotics on central nervous system functions in animals and humans: a systematic review
Wang, H., Lee, I.-S., Braun, C., & Enck, P. (2016) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm16018 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Schwarz, E., Maukonen, J., Hyytiäinen, T., Kieseppä, T., Orešič, M., Sabunciyan, S., Mantere, O., Saarela, M., Yolken, R., & Suvisaari, J. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.017 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it is being increasingly recognized that the gut–brain axis provides a bidirectional route of communication that employs neural, hormonal and immunological pathways, and that dysfunction of this axis can have pathophysiological consequences (Collins et al., 2012; Cryan and Dinan, 2012).”
The Impact of Microbiota on Brain and Behavior: Mechanisms & Therapeutic Potential
Borre, Y. E., Moloney, R. D., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_17 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Romijn, A. R., Rucklidge, J. J., Kuijer, R. G., & Frampton, C. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416686694 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“Many papers have explored the links among gut microbes, brain and behaviour (e.g. Collins et al., 2012; Mayer, 2011; Thakur et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKoloski, N. A., Jones, M., & Talley, N. J. (2016) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.13738 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
“secretion of 5-HT from enteroendocrine cells.(41) The efficacy of the non-absorbable antibiotic rifaximin in IBS in about a third of cases is consistent(42) with the hypothesis”
Background
- Authors
- Collins, S. M., Surette, M., & Bercik, P.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Collins, Stephen M.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Microbiology
- Published
- 2012-09-24
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 735-742
- ISSN
- 1740-1526 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-1534
- OpenAlex
- W2010055058
- Cited by
- 1,611
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 123 · 2016: 116 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, host-microbe symbiosis, brain development, animal behavior, irritable bowel syndrome, mental illness, multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autonomic Nervous System, Brain, Humans, Intestines, Multiple Sclerosis, Stress, Physiological, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Signal Transduction, Enteric Nervous System, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Mice, Metagenome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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