Cited by 506Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsRNA Research and SplicingNuclear Structure and Function

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The code and beyond: transcription regulation by the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain

Harlen, Kevin M., Churchman, L. Stirling·2017·Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

DOI 10.1038/nrm.2017.10

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Abstract

The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) extends from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) as a long, repetitive and largely unstructured polypeptide chain. Throughout the transcription process, the CTD is dynamically modified by post-translational modifications, many of which facilitate or hinder the recruitment of key regulatory factors of Pol II that collectively constitute the 'CTD code'. Recent studies have revealed how the physicochemical properties of the CTD promote phase separation in the presence of other low-complexity domains. Here, we discuss the intricacies of the CTD code and how the newly characterized physicochemical properties of the CTD expand the function of the CTD beyond the code.

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Additional file 2 of Dual inhibition of CDK12 and CDK13 uncovers actionable vulnerabilities in patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids
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Additional file 1 of Dual inhibition of CDK12 and CDK13 uncovers actionable vulnerabilities in patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids
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Additional file 5 of Multiple Fra-1-bound enhancers showing different molecular and functional features can cooperate to repress gene transcription
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Additional file 4 of Dual inhibition of CDK12 and CDK13 uncovers actionable vulnerabilities in patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids
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Additional file 4 of Multiple Fra-1-bound enhancers showing different molecular and functional features can cooperate to repress gene transcription
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Additional file 3 of Multiple Fra-1-bound enhancers showing different molecular and functional features can cooperate to repress gene transcription
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Additional file 7 of Multiple Fra-1-bound enhancers showing different molecular and functional features can cooperate to repress gene transcription
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Additional file 6 of Multiple Fra-1-bound enhancers showing different molecular and functional features can cooperate to repress gene transcription
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Additional file 2 of RBM22 regulates RNA polymerase II 5′ pausing, elongation rate, and termination by coordinating 7SK-P-TEFb complex and SPT5
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Additional file 1 of RBM22 regulates RNA polymerase II 5′ pausing, elongation rate, and termination by coordinating 7SK-P-TEFb complex and SPT5
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Additional file 1 of Multiple Fra-1-bound enhancers showing different molecular and functional features can cooperate to repress gene transcription
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Authors: Harlen, K. M., & Churchman, L. S.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Churchman, L. Stirling
ORCID: Harlen, Kevin M.
Churchman, L. Stirling
Venue: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-03-01
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Pages: 263-273
ISSN: 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
1471-0080
DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.10
OpenAlex: W2594707272
Cited by: 499
References: 159
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 17
FWCI: 4.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG007173)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
Keywords: RNA polymerase II, C-terminal domain, post-translational modification, transcriptional regulation, phase separation, low-complexity domains
MeSH terms: Protein Domains, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Phosphorylation, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, RNA Polymerase II, Transcription, Genetic

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The code and beyond: transcription regulation by the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain

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