CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,863Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The sympathetic control of blood pressure

Guyenet, Patrice G.·2006·Nature Reviews Neuroscience
DOI 10.1038/nrn1902
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Hypertension - the chronic elevation of blood pressure - is a major human health problem. In most cases, the root cause of the disease remains unknown, but there is mounting evidence that many forms of hypertension are initiated and maintained by an elevated sympathetic tone. This review examines how the sympathetic tone to cardiovascular organs is generated, and discusses how elevated sympathetic tone can contribute to hypertension.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nrn1902

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Research works printed but not linked: 116

  1. Blessing, W. W. in The Lower Brainstem and Bodily Homeostasis 165–268 (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1997). Provides a rare comprehensive and insightful overview of the neural control of circulation with emphasis on the brainstem.
  2. Loewy, A. D. & Spyer, K. M. Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1990). · DOI · Paper page
  3. Saper, C. B. The central autonomic nervous system: conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 433–469 (2002). Examines the control of BP in the more general context of the generation of autonomic patterns. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Morrison, S. F. Central pathways controlling brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. News Physiol. Sci. 19, 67–74 (2004).
  5. Westerhaus, M. J. & Loewy, A. D. Central representation of the sympathetic nervous system in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 903, 117–127 (2001). · DOI
  6. Madden, C. J. & Sved, A. F. Cardiovascular regulation after destruction of the C1 cell group of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285, H2734–H2748 (2003). · DOI
  7. Kishi, T. et al. Overexpression of eNOS in the RVLM causes hypotension and bradycardia via GABA release. Hypertension 38, 896–901 (2001). This important paper demonstrates that sustained changes in BP can be produced by altering the activity of relatively few neurons in the RVLM, which is strong evidence that the brain controls the 24-h average BP, presumably through the sympathetic nerves. · DOI
  8. Morimoto, S. et al. Elevated blood pressure in transgenic mice with brain-specific expression of human angiotensinogen driven by the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. Circ. Res. 89, 365–372 (2001). Suggests that hypertension can be produced by upregulation of the renin–angiotensin system. This shows that the kidneys and vasculature cannot compensate for a brain defect and, therefore, that these organs cannot be the sole regulators of long-term BP, as is often stated. · DOI
  9. DiBona, G. F. & Kopp, U. C. Neural control of renal function. Physiol. Rev. 77, 75–197 (1997). Comprehensive, analytical review of the neural control of the kidney in health and disease, notably hypertension. The review argues strongly in favour of the role of renal sympathetic nerves in regulating the BP set-point. · DOI · Paper page
  10. Cowley, A. W. Jr Long-term control of arterial blood pressure. Physiol. Rev. 72, 231–300 (1992). · DOI
  11. Osborn, J. W. Hypothesis: set-points and long-term control of arterial pressure. A theoretical argument for a long-term arterial pressure control system in the brain rather than the kidney. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 32, 384–393 (2005). · DOI
  12. Guyton, A. C. Blood pressure control — special role of the kidneys and body fluids. Science 252, 1813–1816 (1991). Essential reading to understand how the kidneys contribute to the long-term regulation of BP by adjusting sodium excretion. · DOI
  13. Schlaich, M. P. et al. Sympathetic augmentation in hypertension: role of nerve firing, norepinephrine reuptake, and angiotensin neuromodulation. Hypertension 43, 169–175 (2004). · DOI
  14. Hoffman, B. B. in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (eds Brunton, L. L., Lazo, J. S. & Parker, K. L.) 845–868 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006).
  15. Barrett, C. J., Navakatikyan, M. A. & Malpas, S. C. Long-term control of renal blood flow: what is the role of the renal nerves? Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280, R1534–R1545 (2001). · DOI
  16. Dampney, R. A. et al. Long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure by hypothalamic nuclei: some critical questions. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 32, 419–425 (2005). · DOI
  17. Lohmeier, T. E. The sympathetic nervous system and long-term blood pressure regulation. Am. J. Hypertens. 14, S147–S154 (2001). · DOI
  18. Janig, W. & Habler, H. J. Neurophysiological analysis of target-related sympathetic pathways — from animal to human: similarities and differences. Acta Physiol. Scand. 177, 255–274 (2003). · DOI
  19. Blessing, W. W. & Nalivaiko, E. Regional blood flow and nociceptive stimuli in rabbits: patterning by medullary raphe, not ventrolateral medulla. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 524, 279–292 (2000). Indicates that the RVLM is involved to only a slight extent in regulating blood flow to the skin, shaping the current belief that the RVLM selectively regulates the sympathetic efferents that are under arterial baroreceptor control and that the RVLM is important for cardiorespiratory integration and BP control. · DOI
  20. Vallbo, A. B., Hagbarth, K. E. & Wallin, B. G. Microneurography: how the technique developed and its role in the investigation of the sympathetic nervous system. J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 1262–1269 (2004). · DOI
  21. Cao, W. H. & Morrison, S. F. Differential chemoreceptor reflex responses of adrenal preganglionic neurons. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 281, R1825–R1832 (2001). · DOI
  22. Dampney, R. A. L. et al. Central mechanisms underlying short- and long-term regulation of the cardiovascular system. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 29, 261–268 (2002). · DOI
  23. Sinoway, L. I. & Li, J. A perspective on the muscle reflex: implications for congestive heart failure. J. Appl. Physiol. 99, 5–22 (2005). · DOI
  24. Guo, Z. L., Lai, H. C. & Longhurst, J. C. Medullary pathways involved in cardiac sympathoexcitatory reflexes in the cat. Brain Res. 925, 55–66 (2002). · DOI
  25. Coote, J. H. A role for the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the autonomic control of heart and kidney. Exp. Physiol. 90, 169–173 (2005). · DOI
  26. Ramchandra, R., Barrett, C. J., Guild, S. J. & Malpas, S. C. Evidence of differential control of renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in conscious rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290, R701–R708 (2006). · DOI
  27. Sved, A. F., Cano, G. & Card, J. P. Neuroanatomical specificity of the circuits controlling sympathetic outflow to different targets. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28, 115–119 (2001). · DOI
  28. Guyenet, P. G., Stornetta, R. L., Weston, M. C., McQuiston, T. & Simmons, J. R. Detection of amino acid and peptide transmitters in physiologically identified brainstem cardiorespiratory neurons. Auton. Neurosci. 114, 1–10 (2004). · DOI
  29. Jansen, A. S. P., Nguyen, X. V., Karpitskiy, V., Mettenleiter, T. C. & Loewy, A. D. Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: basis of the fight or flight response. Science 270, 644–646 (1995). Illustrates the use of the pseudorabies virus in tracking the CNS networks that regulate the sympathetic nervous system. This particular paper argues that the RVLM contains neurons that innervate many types of sympathetic efferent, which is a conclusion that goes against a strict organotopic arrangement of RVLM barosensitive neurons. · DOI
  30. Ritter, S., Bugarith, K. & Dinh, T. T. Immunotoxic destruction of distinct catecholamine subgroups produces selective impairment of glucoregulatory responses and neuronal activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 432, 197–216 (2001). · DOI
  31. Hokfelt, T., Fuxe, K., Goldstein, M. & Johansson, O. Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of adrenaline neurons in the rat brain. Brain Res. 66, 235–251 (1974). · DOI
  32. Ross, C. A. et al. Tonic vasomotor control by the rostral ventrolateral medulla: effect of electrical or chemical stimulation of the area containing C1 adrenaline neurons on arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamines and vasopressin. J. Neurosci. 4, 474–494 (1984). An influential paper that definitively established the pivotal role of the RVLM in controlling BP and gave strong support to the idea that the C1 cells are a crucial component of the network that regulates BP. · DOI
  33. Brown, D. L. & Guyenet, P. G. Electrophysiological study of cardiovascular neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats. Circ. Res. 56, 359–369 (1985). · DOI
  34. Guyenet, P. G. & Stornetta, R. L. in Neural Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Regulation (eds Dun, N. J., Machado, B. H. & Pilowsky, P. M.) 187–218 (Kluwer, Boston, Massachusetts, 2004). · DOI
  35. Sun, M. K. Pharmacology of reticulospinal vasomotor neurons in cardiovascular regulation. Pharmacol. Rev. 48, 465–494 (1996).
  36. Schreihofer, A. M. & Guyenet, P. G. Identification of C1 presympathetic neurons in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla by juxtacellular labeling in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol. 387, 524–536 (1997). · DOI
  37. Schreihofer, A. M., Stornetta, R. L. & Guyenet, P. G. Regulation of sympathetic tone and arterial pressure by rostral ventrolateral medulla after depletion of C1 cells in rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 529, 221–236 (2000). · DOI
  38. Verberne, A. J. M., Stornetta, R. L. & Guyenet, P. G. Properties of C1 and other ventrolateral medullary neurones with hypothalamic projections in the rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 517, 477–494 (1999). · DOI
  39. Ericsson, A., Arias, C. & Sawchenko, P. E. Evidence for an intramedullary prostaglandin-dependent mechanism in the activation of stress-related neuroendocrine circuitry by intravenous interleukin-1. J. Neurosci. 17, 7166–7179 (1997). · DOI
  40. Dampney, R. A. et al. Medullary and supramedullary mechanisms regulating sympathetic vasomotor tone. Acta Physiol. Scand. 177, 209–218 (2003). · DOI
  41. Brooks, V. L., Freeman, K. L. & Clow, K. A. Excitatory amino acids in rostral ventrolateral medulla support blood pressure during water deprivation in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 286, H1642–H1648 (2004). · DOI
  42. Guyenet, P. G. Neural structures that mediate sympathoexcitation during hypoxia. Respir. Physiol. 121, 147–162 (2000). · DOI
  43. Kangrga, I. M. & Loewy, A. D. Whole-cell recordings from visualized C1 adrenergic bulbospinal neurons: ionic mechanisms underlying vasomotor tone. Brain Res. 670, 215–232 (1995). Suggests that the C1 neurons have intrinsic beating properties that are driven, in part, by a persistent sodium current in brain slices. The observation is consistent with the possibility that a portion of the vasomotor tone derives from these intrinsic properties. · DOI
  44. Lipski, J., Kawai, Y., Qi, J., Comer, A. & Win, J. Whole cell patch-clamp study of putative vasomotor neurons isolated from the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 274, R1099–R1110 (1998). · DOI
  45. Li, Y. W. & Guyenet, P. G. Neuronal excitation by angiotensin II in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 268, R272–R277 (1995). · DOI
  46. Gomez, R. E. et al. Vasopressinergic mechanisms in the nucleus reticularis lateralis in blood pressure control. Brain Res. 604, 90–105 (1993). · DOI
  47. Milner, T. A., Reis, D. J., Pickel, V. M., Aicher, S. A. & Giuliano, R. Ultrastructural localization and afferent sources of corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla: implications for central cardiovascular regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 333, 151–167 (1993). · DOI
  48. Allen, A. M. Inhibition of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in spontaneously hypertensive rats dramatically reduces sympathetic vasomotor tone. Hypertension 39, 275–280 (2002). · DOI
  49. Schreihofer, A. M. & Guyenet, P. G. Baroactivated neurons with pulse-modulated activity in the rat caudal ventrolateral medulla express GAD67 mRNA. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 1265–1277 (2003). · DOI
  50. Horiuchi, J. & Dampney, R. A. Evidence for tonic disinhibition of RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons from the caudal pressor area. Auton. Neurosci. 99, 102–110 (2002). · DOI
  51. Verberne, A. J. M., Sartor, D. M. & Berke, A. Midline medullary depressor responses are mediated by inhibition of RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 276, R1054–R1062 (1999). · DOI
  52. Barman, S. M., Gebber, G. L. & Orer, H. S. Medullary lateral tegmental field: an important source of basal sympathetic nerve discharge in the cat. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 278, R995–R1004 (2000). · DOI
  53. Makeham, J. M., Goodchild, A. K. & Pilowsky, P. M. NK1 receptor activation in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla selectively attenuates somato-sympathetic reflex while antagonism attenuates sympathetic chemoreflex. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R1707–R1715 (2005). · DOI
  54. Campos, R. R. & McAllen, R. M. Cardiac sympathetic premotor neurons. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 272, R615–R620 (1997). · DOI
  55. McAllen, R. M., May, C. N. & Shafton, A. D. Functional anatomy of sympathetic premotor cell groups in the medulla. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 17, 209–221 (1995). · DOI
  56. McAllen, R. M. & Dampney, R. A. Vasomotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla are organized topographically with respect to type of vascular bed but not body region. Neurosci. Lett. 110, 91–96 (1990). · DOI
  57. Stornetta, R. L., McQuiston, T. J. & Guyenet, P. G. GABAergic and glycinergic presympathetic neurons of rat medulla oblongata identified by retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus and in situ hybridization. J. Comp. Neurol. 479, 257–270 (2004). · DOI
  58. Kerman, I. A., Enquist, L. W., Watson, S. J. & Yates, B. J. Brainstem substrates of sympatho-motor circuitry identified using trans-synaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus recombinants. J. Neurosci. 23, 4657–4666 (2003). · DOI
  59. Sartor, D. M. & Verberne, A. J. Cholecystokinin selectively affects presympathetic vasomotor neurons and sympathetic vasomotor outflow. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282, R1174–R1184 (2002). · DOI
  60. Haselton, J. R. & Guyenet, P. G. Central respiratory modulation of medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons in rat. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 256, R739–R750 (1989). · DOI
  61. Kishi, T. et al. Cardiovascular effects of overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 39, 264–268 (2002). · DOI
  62. Sved, A. F., Ito, S. & Sved, J. C. Brainstem mechanisms of hypertension: role of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 5, 262–268 (2003). · DOI
  63. Ding, Z. Q., Li, Y. W., Wesselingh, S. L. & Blessing, W. W. Transneuronal labelling of neurons in rabbit brain after injection of Herpes simplex virus type-1 into the renal nerve. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 42, 23–32 (1993). · DOI
  64. Dean, C., Seagard, J. L., Hopp, F. A. & Kampine, J. P. Differential control of sympathetic activity to kidney and skeletal muscle by ventral medullary neurons. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 37, 1–10 (1992). · DOI
  65. Akine, A., Montanaro, M. & Allen, A. M. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus inhibition decreases renal sympathetic nerve activity in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Auton. Neurosci. 108, 17–21 (2003). · DOI
  66. Ito, S. et al. Ventrolateral medulla AT1 receptors support arterial pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 41, 744–750 (2003). · DOI
  67. Reja, V., Goodchild, A. K. & Pilowsky, P. M. Catecholamine-related gene expression correlates with blood pressures in SHR. Hypertension 40, 342–347 (2002). · DOI
  68. Reja, V., Goodchild, A. K., Phillips, J. K. & Pilowsky, P. M. Tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in ventrolateral medulla oblongata of WKY and SHR: a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction study. Auton. Neurosci. 98, 79–84 (2002). · DOI
  69. Potts, J. T. et al. Contraction-sensitive skeletal muscle afferents inhibit arterial baroreceptor signalling in the nucleus of the solitary tract: role of intrinsic GABA interneurons. Neuroscience 119, 201–214 (2003). · DOI
  70. Schreihofer, A. M. & Guyenet, P. G. The baroreflex and beyond: control of sympathetic vasomotor tone by GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 29, 514–521 (2002). · DOI
  71. Pilowsky, P. M. & Goodchild, A. K. Baroreceptor reflex pathways and neurotransmitters: 10 years on. J. Hypertens. 20, 1675–1688 (2002). · DOI
  72. Andresen, M. C., Doyle, M. W., Jin, Y. H. & Bailey, T. W. Cellular mechanisms of baroreceptor integration at the nucleus tractus solitarius. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 940, 132–141 (2001). · DOI
  73. Paton, J. F. et al. Adenoviral vector demonstrates that angiotensin II-induced depression of the cardiac baroreflex is mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 531, 2–58 (2001). · DOI
  74. Paton, J. F., Boscan, P., Murphy, D. & Kasparov, S. Unravelling mechanisms of action of angiotensin II on cardiorespiratory function using in vivo gene transfer. Acta Physiol. Scand. 173, 127–137 (2001). · DOI
  75. Osborn, J. W., Jacob, F. & Guzman, P. A neural set point for the long-term control of arterial pressure: beyond the arterial baroreceptor reflex. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R846–R855 (2005). · DOI
  76. Thrasher, T. N. Baroreceptors, baroreceptor unloading, and the long-term control of blood pressure. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R819–R827 (2005). · DOI
  77. Schreihofer, A. M., Ito, S. & Sved, A. F. Brain stem control of arterial pressure in chronic arterial baroreceptor denervated rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 289, R1746–R1755 (2005). · DOI
  78. Brooks, V. L., Haywood, J. R. & Johnson, A. K. Translation of salt retention to central activation of the sympathetic nervous system in hypertension. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 32, 426–432 (2005). Interesting paper that describes potential CNS mechanisms of salt-dependent hypertension. · DOI
  79. Kawano, H. & Masuko, S. Synaptic contacts between nerve terminals originating from the ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic area and median preoptic neurons projecting to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Brain Res. 817, 110–116 (1999). · DOI
  80. McKinley, M. J. et al. Neural pathways from the lamina terminalis influencing cardiovascular and body fluid homeostasis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28, 990–992 (2001). · DOI
  81. Babic, T., Roder, S. & Ciriello, J. Direct projections from caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor sites to the subfornical organ. Brain Res. 1003, 113–121 (2004). · DOI
  82. Blessing, W. W., Yu, Y. H. & Nalivaiko, E. Medullary projections of rabbit carotid sinus nerve. Brain Res. 816, 405–410 (1999). · DOI
  83. Paton, J. F. R., Deuchars, J., Li, Y. W. & Kasparov, S. Properties of solitary tract neurones responding to peripheral arterial chemoreceptors. Neuroscience 105, 231–248 (2001). · DOI
  84. Prabhakar, N. R., Peng, Y. J., Jacono, F. J., Kumar, G. K. & Dick, T. E. Cardiovascular alterations by chronic intermittent hypoxia: importance of carotid body chemoreflexes. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 32, 447–449 (2005). The authors suggest that changes in the discharge characteristics of peripheral chemoreceptors at rest and in response to hypoxia could contribute to the development of hypertension associated with increased sympathetic tone caused by obstructive sleep apnoea. · DOI
  85. Roux, J. C. et al. O2-sensing after carotid chemodenervation: hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness and upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in brainstem catecholaminergic cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 3181–3190 (2000). · DOI
  86. Pascual, O. et al. Selective cardiorespiratory and catecholaminergic areas express the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) under in vivo hypoxia in rat brainstem. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 1981–1991 (2001). · DOI
  87. Reis, D. J., Golanov, E. V., Galea, E. & Feinstein, D. L. Central neurogenic neuroprotection: central neural systems that protect the brain from hypoxia and ischemia. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 835, 168–186 (1997). The authors postulate that the brain could protect itself from hypoxia by elevating BP via increases in SNA. They also propose that the C1 neurons potentially have a central role in this process. · DOI
  88. Levy, E. I., Scarrow, A. M. & Jannetta, P. J. Microvascular decompression in the treatment of hypertension: review and update. Surg. Neurol. 55, 2–10 (2001). · DOI
  89. Dimicco, J. A., Samuels, B. C., Zaretskaia, M. V. & Zaretsky, D. V. The dorsomedial hypothalamus and the response to stress: part renaissance, part revolution. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 71, 469–480 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  90. Benarroch, E. E. Paraventricular nucleus, stress response, and cardiovascular disease. Clin. Auton. Res. 15, 254–263 (2005). · DOI
  91. Stocker, S. D., Simmons, J. R., Stornetta, R. L., Toney, G. M. & Guyenet, P. G. Water deprivation activates a glutamatergic projection from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. J. Comp. Neurol. 494, 673–685 (2006). · DOI
  92. Shafton, A. D., Ryan, A., McGrath, B. & Badoer, E. Volume expansion does not activate neuronal projections from the NTS or depressor VLM to the RVLM. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 277, R39–R46 (1999). · DOI
  93. Haselton, J. R., Goering, J. & Patel, K. P. Parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus are involved in the reduction in renal nerve discharge during isotonic volume expansion. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 50, 1–12 (1994). · DOI
  94. Weiss, M. L., Claassen, D. E., Hirai, T. & Kenney, M. J. Nonuniform sympathetic nerve responses to intravenous hypertonic saline infusion. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 57, 109–115 (1996). · DOI
  95. Morita, H., Nishida, Y. & Hosomi, H. Neural control of urinary sodium excretion during hypertonic NaCl load in conscious rabbits: role of renal and hepatic nerves and baroreceptors. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 34, 157–169 (1991). · DOI
  96. Badoer, E., Ng, C. W. & De, M. R. Glutamatergic input in the PVN is important in renal nerve response to elevations in osmolality. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285, F640–F650 (2003). · DOI
  97. Stocker, S. D., Hunwick, K. J. & Toney, G. M. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus differentially supports lumbar and renal sympathetic outflow in water-deprived rats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 563, 249–263 (2005). · DOI
  98. Brooks, V. L., Freeman, K. L. & O'Donaughy, T. L. Acute and chronic increases in osmolality increase excitatory amino acid drive of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287, R1359–R1368 (2004). · DOI
  99. Grob, M., Drolet, G. & Mouginot, D. Specific Na+ sensors are functionally expressed in a neuronal population of the median preoptic nucleus of the rat. J. Neurosci. 24, 3974–3984 (2004). · DOI
  100. O'Donaughy, T. L. & Brooks, V. L. Deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt rats. Hypertension and sympathoexcitation driven by increased NaCl levels. Hypertension 47, 680–685 (2006). · DOI
  101. Geerling, J. C., Engeland, W. C., Kawata, M. & Loewy, A. D. Aldosterone target neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius drive sodium appetite. J. Neurosci. 26, 411–417 (2006). Provides the first definitive identification of brain neurons that are capable of detecting the circulating level of mineralocorticoid selectively. The study shows that the activity of these neurons correlates with sodium appetite. · DOI
  102. Zimmerman, M. C., Lazartigues, E., Sharma, R. V. & Davisson, R. L. Hypertension caused by angiotensin II infusion involves increased superoxide production in the central nervous system. Circ. Res. 95, 210–216 (2004). · DOI
  103. Kishi, T. et al. Increased reactive oxygen species in rostral ventrolateral medulla contribute to neural mechanisms of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation 109, 2357–2362 (2004). · DOI
  104. Smith, O. A., DeVito, J. L. & Astley, C. A. Neurons controlling cardiovascular responses to emotion are located in lateral hypothalamus-perifornical region. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 259, R943–R954 (1990). · DOI
  105. Lovick, T. A. The periaqueductal gray–rostral medulla connection in the defense reaction: efferent pathways and descending control mechanisms. Behav. Brain Res. 58, 19–25 (1993). · DOI
  106. Bandler, R., Carrive, P. & Zhang, S. P. Integration of somatic and autonomic reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal grey: viscerotopic, somatotopic and functional organization. Prog. Brain Res. 87, 269–305 (1991). · DOI · Paper page
  107. Esler, M. & Kaye, D. Sympathetic nervous system activation in essential hypertension, cardiac failure and psychosomatic heart disease. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 35, S1–S7 (2000). This important paper documents a generalized increase in sympathetic tone in various forms of hypertension. · DOI
  108. Lambert, G. W. et al. Increased central nervous system monoamine neurotransmitter turnover and its association with sympathetic nervous activity in treated heart failure patients. Circulation 92, 1813–1818 (1995). · DOI
  109. Felder, R. B. et al. Heart failure and the brain: new perspectives. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284, R259–R276 (2003). · DOI
  110. Huang, B. S. & Leenen, F. H. Blockade of brain mineralocorticoid receptors or Na+ channels prevents sympathetic hyperactivity and improves cardiac function in rats post-MI. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 288, H2491–H2497 (2005). · DOI
  111. Zhang, W. G., Huang, B. S. & Leenen, F. H. H. Brain renin–angiotensin system and sympathetic hyperactivity in rats after myocardial infarction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 276, H1608–H1615 (1999). · DOI
  112. Hamlyn, J. M., Hamilton, B. P. & Manunta, P. Endogenous ouabain, sodium balance and blood pressure: a review and a hypothesis. J. Hypertens. 14, 151–167 (1996). · DOI
  113. Weiss, M. L., Kenney, M. J., Musch, T. I. & Patel, K. P. Modifications to central neural circuitry during heart failure. Acta Physiol. Scand. 177, 57–67 (2003). · DOI
  114. Francis, J., Wei, S. G., Weiss, R. M. & Felder, R. B. Brain angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and autonomic regulation in heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 287, H2138–H2146 (2004). · DOI
  115. Lindley, T. E., Doobay, M. F., Sharma, R. V. & Davisson, R. L. Superoxide is involved in the central nervous system activation and sympathoexcitation of myocardial infarction-induced heart failure. Circ. Res. 94, 402–409 (2004). · DOI
  116. Zimmerman, M. C. & Davisson, R. L. Redox signaling in central neural regulation of cardiovascular function. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 84, 125–149 (2004). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 1,863

Metadata

Authors
Guyenet, P. G.
Affiliations
University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author
Guyenet, Patrice G.
ORCID
Guyenet, Patrice G.
Venue
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2006-05
Volume
7
Issue
5
Pages
335-346
ISSN
  • 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-0048
DOI
10.1038/nrn1902
OpenAlex
W1966409424
Cited by
1,863
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 60 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 116 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 120 · 2012: 110
FWCI
10.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords
sympathetic nervous system, blood pressure regulation, neurogenic hypertension, sympathetic tone, cardiovascular regulation
MeSH terms
Animals, Blood Pressure, Central Nervous System, Humans, Hypertension, Hypothalamus, Medulla Oblongata, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Sympathetic Nervous System

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The sympathetic control of blood pressure. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nrn1902
The paper
Guyenet, P. G. (2006). The sympathetic control of blood pressure. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1902