Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson disease
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest nonmotor features of Parkinson disease (PD). Such dysfunction is present in approximately 90% of early-stage PD cases and can precede the onset of motor symptoms by years. The mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown. As equivalent deficits are observed in Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, and the Parkinson-dementia complex of Guam, a common pathological substrate may be involved. Given that olfactory loss occurs to a lesser extent or is absent in disorders such as multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, and progressive supranuclear palsy, olfactory testing can be useful in differential diagnosis. The olfactory dysfunction in PD and a number of related diseases with smell loss correlates with decreased numbers of neurons in structures such as the locus coeruleus, the raphe nuclei, and the nucleus basalis of Meynart. These neuroanatomical findings, together with evidence for involvement of the autonomic nervous system in numerous PD-related symptoms, suggest that deficits in cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic function may contribute to the olfactory loss. This Review discusses the current understanding of olfactory dysfunction in PD, including factors that may be related to its cause.
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In Parkinson's disease, olfactory impairment appears years before the clinical manifestation of the disease, remains stable over time, and affects more than 90% of patients.
“In Parkinson's disease, olfactory impairment appears years before the clinical manifestation of the disease, remains stable over time, and affects more than 90% of patients”
From The scent of emotions: A systematic review of human intra‐ and interspecific chemical communication of emotions (2020) · cites this paper as Doty, 2012
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“In Parkinson's disease, olfactory impairment appears years before the clinical manifestation of the disease, remains stable over time, and affects more than 90% of patients (Doty, 2012).”
BackgroundPost-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis
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- Authors
- Doty, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Doty, Richard L.
- ORCID
- Doty, Richard L.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2012-05-15
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 329-339
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W2110457518
- Cited by
- 737
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- olfactory dysfunction, Parkinson's disease, anosmia, non-motor symptoms, prodromal Parkinson's disease, environmental exposure, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, differential diagnosis, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, cholinergic dysfunction, noradrenergic dysfunction, serotonergic dysfunction, autonomic nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Olfaction Disorders, Humans, Parkinson Disease
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