A JNK-mediated autophagy pathway that triggers c-IAP degradation and necroptosis for anticancer chemotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Killing cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis is one of the main mechanisms of chemotherapy. However, numerous cancer cells have primary or acquired apoptosis resistance, resulting in chemoresistance. In this study, using a novel chalcone derivative chalcone-24 (Chal-24), we identified a novel anticancer mechanism through autophagy-mediated necroptosis (RIP1- and RIP3-dependent necrosis). Chal-24 potently killed different cancer cells with induction of necrotic cellular morphology while causing no detectable caspase activation. Blocking the necroptosis pathway with either necrostatin-1 or by knockdown of RIP1 and RIP3 effectively blocked the cytotoxicity of Chal-24, suggesting that Chal-24-induced cell death is associated with necroptosis. Chal-24 robustly activated JNK and ERK and blockage of which effectively suppressed Chal-24-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, Chal-24 strongly induced autophagy that is dependent on JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and dissociation of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL from Beclin-1. Importantly, suppression of autophagy, with either pharmacological inhibitors or small interfering RNAs targeting the essential autophagy components ATG7 and Beclin-1, effectively attenuated Chal-24-induced cell death. Furthermore, we found that autophagy activation resulted in c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 degradation and formation of the Ripoptosome that contributes to necroptosis. These results thus establish a novel mechanism for killing cancer cells that involves autophagy-mediated necroptosis, which may be employed for overcoming chemoresistance.
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Necroptosis is favored by a necrosome-scaffolding function of the autophagy apparatus and by autophagic degradation of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2.
“necroptosis, which is favored by a necrosome-scaffolding function of the autophagy apparatus [823–825], as well as by the autophagic degradation of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 [826].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [826]
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- Authors
- He, W., Wang, Q., Srinivasan, B., Xu, J., Padilla, M. T., Li, Z., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Gou, X., Shen, H.-M., Xing, C., & Lin, Y.
- Affiliations
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Xing, C
- Lin, Y
- Venue
- Oncogene
- Published
- 2013-07-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 3004-3013
- ISSN
- 0950-9232 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5594
- PMC
- PMC3912228
- OpenAlex
- W2016036036
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Oncogene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R03CA156301)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES017328)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Natural Compounds in Disease Treatment
- Keywords
- JNK signaling, cIAP1, ripoptosome, RIPK1, RIPK3, Beclin-1, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, Bcl-xL, ERK signaling, chemoresistance, cancer chemotherapy, necrostatin-1
- MeSH terms
- Beclin-1, Autophagy-Related Protein 7, Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein, Antineoplastic Agents, Autophagy, Humans, Imidazoles, Indoles, Membrane Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, RNA-Binding Proteins, Apoptosis, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins, RNA, Small Interfering, Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Cell Line, Tumor, Chalcones, MAP Kinase Kinase 4, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins, Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Gene Knockdown Techniques
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