JNK1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 Regulates Starvation-Induced Autophagy
Open accessAbstract
Starvation induces autophagy to preserve cellular homeostasis in virtually all eukaryotic organisms. However, the mechanisms by which starvation induces autophagy are not completely understood. In mammalian cells, the antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2, binds to Beclin 1 during nonstarvation conditions and inhibits its autophagy function. Here we show that starvation induces phosphorylation of cellular Bcl-2 at residues T69, S70, and S87 of the nonstructured loop; Bcl-2 dissociation from Beclin 1; and autophagy activation. In contrast, viral Bcl-2, which lacks the phosphorylation site-containing nonstructured loop, fails to dissociate from Beclin 1 during starvation. Furthermore, the stress-activated signaling molecule, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1), but not JNK2, mediates starvation-induced Bcl-2 phosphorylation, Bcl-2 dissociation from Beclin 1, and autophagy activation. Together, our findings demonstrate that JNK1-mediated multisite phosphorylation of Bcl-2 stimulates starvation-induced autophagy by disrupting the Bcl-2/Beclin 1 complex. These findings define a mechanism that cells use to regulate autophagic activity in response to nutrient status.
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Autophagy is induced by the release of BECN1 from BCL2 by pro-apoptotic BH3 proteins, phosphorylation of BECN1 by DAPK at Thr119, or phosphorylation of BCL2 by MAPK8/JNK1 at Thr69, Ser70 and Ser87.
“Autophagy is induced by the release of BECN1 from BCL2 by pro-apoptotic BH3 proteins, phosphorylation of BECN1 by DAPK (at Thr119, located in the BH3 domain), 426 or phosphorylation of BCL2 by MAPK8/JNK1 (at Thr69, Ser70 and Ser87).427,428”
From Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (2012) · cites this paper as [428]
MTOR-independent methods for stimulating autophagy include direct stimulation of AKT and BECN1, activating MAPK8/JNK1 to dissociate BCL2 from BECN1, applying Tat-Beclin 1, SIRT1-associated starvation, and disrupting nonsense-mediated RNA decay.
“The array of MTOR-independent methods for stimulating autophagy also includes direct stimulation of AKT and BECN1, activating MAPK8/JNK1 to dissociate BCL2 from (and thereby disinhibit) BECN1, applying the synthetic peptide Tat-Beclin 1, SIRT1-associated starvation, and disrupting nonsense-mediated RNA decay [513–517] (Figure 3).”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [515]
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- Authors
- Wei, Y., Pattingre, S., Sinha, S., Bassik, M., & Levine, B.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levine, Beth
- Venue
- Molecular Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 678-688
- ISSN
- 1097-2765 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2478643
- OpenAlex
- W2121429373
- Cited by
- 1,329
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 48.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA109618, R01CA084254, R01CA108618)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI051367, R21AI078108, R21AI051367)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Keywords
- JNK1, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, starvation-induced autophagy, Beclin-1, multisite phosphorylation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK2, nutrient status, stress-activated signaling
- MeSH terms
- Beclin-1, Autophagy, Binding Sites, Endoplasmic Reticulum, HeLa Cells, Humans, Kinetics, Membrane Proteins, Phosphorylation, Starvation, Viral Proteins, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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