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Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Open access
Yuan, Kai, Gong, Yi-Miao, Liu, Lin, Sun, Yan-Kun, Tian, Shan-Shan, Wang, Yi-Jie, Zhong, Yi, Zhang, An-Yi, Su, Si-Zhen, Liu, Xiao-Xing, Zhang, Yu-Xin, Lin, Xiao, Shi, Le, Yan, Wei, Fazel, Seena, Vitiello, Michael V., Bryant, Richard A., Zhou, Xin-Yu, Ran, Mao-Sheng, Bao, Yan-Ping, Shi, Jie, Lu, Lin·2021·Molecular Psychiatry

Abstract

Pandemics have become more frequent and more complex during the twenty-first century. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following pandemics is a significant public health concern. We sought to provide a reliable estimate of the worldwide prevalence of PTSD after large-scale pandemics as well as associated risk factors, by a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched the MedLine, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, medRxiv, and bioRxiv databases to identify studies that were published from the inception up to August 23, 2020, and reported the prevalence of PTSD after pandemics including sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1, Poliomyelitis, Ebola, Zika, Nipah, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), H5N1, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A total of 88 studies were included in the analysis, with 77 having prevalence information and 70 having risk factors information. The overall pooled prevalence of post-pandemic PTSD across all populations was 22.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.9–25.4%, I2: 99.7%). Healthcare workers had the highest prevalence of PTSD (26.9%; 95% CI: 20.3–33.6%), followed by infected cases (23.8%: 16.6–31.0%), and the general public (19.3%: 15.3–23.2%). However, the heterogeneity of study findings indicates that results should be interpreted cautiously. Risk factors including individual, family, and societal factors, pandemic-related factors, and specific factors in healthcare workers and patients for post-pandemic PTSD were summarized and discussed in this systematic review. Long-term monitoring and early interventions should be implemented to improve post-pandemic mental health and long-term recovery.

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Metadata

Authors
Yuan, K., Gong, Y.-M., Liu, L., Sun, Y.-K., Tian, S.-S., Wang, Y.-J., Zhong, Y., Zhang, A.-Y., Su, S.-Z., Liu, X.-X., Zhang, Y.-X., Lin, X., Shi, L., Yan, W., Fazel, S., Vitiello, M. V., Bryant, R. A., Zhou, X.-Y., Ran, M.-S., Bao, Y.-P., Shi, J., & Lu, L.
Venue
Molecular Psychiatry
Published
2021-02-04
Volume
26
Issue
9
Pages
4982-4998
ISSN
  • 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5578
OpenAlex
W3126283147
Cited by
300
References
122
FWCI
9.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41380-021-01036-x
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Yuan, K., Gong, Y.-M., Liu, L., Sun, Y.-K., Tian, S.-S., Wang, Y.-J., Zhong, Y., Zhang, A.-Y., Su, S.-Z., Liu, X.-X., Zhang, Y.-X., Lin, X., Shi, L., Yan, W., Fazel, S., Vitiello, M. V., Bryant, R. A., Zhou, X.-Y., Ran, M.-S., . . . Lu, L. (2021). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01036-x

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

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