The prevalence of probable mental health disorders among hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Lee, Brian En Chyi; Ling, Mathew; Boyd, Leanne; Olsson, Craig; Sheen, Jade

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.012

Cited by 121COVID-19 and Mental HealthHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnoutMental Health Treatment and Access

The prevalence of probable mental health disorders among hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Lee, Brian En Chyi, Ling, Mathew, Boyd, Leanne, Olsson, Craig, Sheen, Jade·2023·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.012PMC PMC10017178

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be documented worldwide with systematic reviews playing a pivotal role. Here we present updated findings from our systematic review and meta-analysis on the mental health impacts among hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase and Web Of Science Core Collection between 1st January 2000 to 17th February 2022 for studies using validated methods and reporting on the prevalence of diagnosed or probable mental health disorders in hospital healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A meta-analysis of proportions and odds ratio was performed using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated using test of subgroup differences and 95 % prediction intervals. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 401 studies, representing 458,754 participants across 58 countries. Pooled prevalence of depression was 28.5 % (95 % CI: 26.3-30.7), anxiety was 28.7 % (95 % CI: 26.5-31.0), PTSD was 25.5 % (95 % CI: 22.5-28.5), alcohol and substance use disorder was 25.3 % (95 % CI: 13.3-39.6) and insomnia was 24.4 % (95 % CI: 19.4-29.9). Prevalence rates were stratified by physicians, nurses, allied health, support staff and healthcare students, which varied considerably. There were significantly higher odds of probable mental health disorders in women, those working in high-risk units and those providing direct care. LIMITATIONS: Majority of studies used self-report measures which reflected probable mental health disorders rather than actual diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: These updated findings have enhanced our understanding of at-risk groups working in hospitals. Targeted support and research towards these differences in mental health risks are recommended to mitigate any long-term consequences.

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Nurses experienced poorer mental health than other health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“In particular, nurses experienced poorer mental health than other health care professionals [2].”
From Effectiveness of a Smartphone-Based Stress Management Program for Depression in Hospital Nurses During COVID-19 in Vietnam and Thailand: 2-Arm Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care professionals experienced high levels of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms.
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care professionals experienced high levels of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms [2].”
From Effectiveness of a Smartphone-Based Stress Management Program for Depression in Hospital Nurses During COVID-19 in Vietnam and Thailand: 2-Arm Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]

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Almutairi, H., Alsubaiei, A., Abduljawad, S., Alshatti, A., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Husni, M., & Jahrami, H. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221106691 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The impact of vaccination on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States
(2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.20240051 · Cited by 200 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Early evidence from the United States have demonstrated that HCWs’ risk of infection in the workplace have reduced as hospitals improve their infection control procedures, PPE use and vaccination rates (Braun et al., 2021; Damluji et al., 2021; Dunbar et al., 2021; Jacob et al., 2021; Moghadas et al., 2021).”
Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review
Brier, N. D., Stroobants, S., Vandekerckhove, P. G., & Buck, E. D. J. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244052 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Government responses and COVID-19 deaths: Global evidence across multiple pandemic waves
Hale, T. N., Angrist, N., Hale, A. J., Kira, B., Majumdar, S., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Sridhar, D., Thompson, R. N., Webster, S., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253116 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As different COVID-19 variants (World Health Organisation, 2022) continue to trigger multiple waves of outbreaks worldwide (Hale et al., 2021; Hassan and Mahmoud, 2021), many are concerned that its extended nature and impacts”
Background
Nurses endured high risks of psychological problems under the epidemic of COVID-19 in a longitudinal study in Wuhan China
Cai, Z., Cui, Q., Liu, Z., Li, J., Gong, X., Liu, J., Wan, Z., Yuan, X., Li, X., Chen, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.007 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Nurses’ barriers to caring for patients with COVID‐19: a qualitative systematic review
Joo, J. Y., & Liu, M. F. (2021) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12648 · Cited by 166 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Studies have shown that working in 70 these settings early on during the pandemic have led to feelings of threat, uncertainty and 71 fatigue among hospital HCWs as they face high infection risks, inadequate protective 72 equipment, inconsistent communications, and increased workload (Digby et al., 2021; Ding 73 et al.…”
BackgroundInfluential
Occupational Stress and Mental Health among Anesthetists during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Magnavita, N., Soave, P. M., Ricciardi, W., & Antonelli, M. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218245 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity Among US Health Care Personnel
Jacob, J. T., Baker, J. M., Fridkin, S. K., Lopman, B. A., Steinberg, J. P., Christenson, R. H., King, B. R., Leekha, S., O’Hara, L. M., Rock, P., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1283 · Cited by 148 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Early evidence from the United States have demonstrated that HCWs’ risk of infection in the workplace have reduced as hospitals improve their infection control procedures, PPE use and vaccination rates (Braun et al., 2021; Damluji et al., 2021; Dunbar et al., 2021; Jacob et al., 2021; Moghadas et al., 2021).”
Background
Prevalence of anxiety in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review (on published articles in Medline) with meta-analysis
Santabárbara, J., Bueno‐Notivol, J., Lipnicki, D. M., Olaya, B., Pérez-Moreno, M. A., Gracia‐García, P., Mondragón, N. I., & Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110244 · Cited by 147 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There have also been inconsistent findings on at risk groups among hospital HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic, with varied findings on whether mental health issues varies between profession (Olaya et al., 2021; Pappa et al., 2020; Santabárbara et al., 2021; Varghese et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021), gender (Ching et al.”
Result
An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Phiri, P., Ramakrishnan, R., Rathod, S., Elliot, K., Thayanandan, T., Sandle, N., Haque, N., Chau, S. W. H., Wong, O. W. H., Chan, S. S. M., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806 · Cited by 127 · cited 5× · see citing works
“342 the findings, while overall rates of PTSD in hospital HCWs were similar to those in the general public, nurses, allied health, non-medical staff and support staff were more likely to experience PTSD symptoms than the general public (Phiri et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Hospital staff well‐being during the first wave of COVID‐19: Staff perspectives
Digby, R., Winton‐Brown, T., Finlayson, F., Dobson, H., & Bucknall, T. K. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12804 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“tion risks, inadequate protective equipment, inconsistent communications, and increased workload (Digby et al., 2021; Ding et al., 2021; Hennein and Lowe, 2020; Joo and Liu, 2021; Liu et al., 2020).”
Background
The psychosocial impact of flu influenza pandemics on healthcare workers and lessons learnt for the COVID-19 emergency: a rapid review
Barello, S., Falcó‐Pegueroles, A., Rosa, D., Tolotti, A., Graffigna, G., & Bonetti, L. (2020) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01463-7 · Cited by 119 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…around nosocomial infection risks, such as fear of being infected (De Brier et al., 2020; Serrano-Ripoll et al., 2020), fear of infecting others (i.e., family and community members) (Barello et al., 2020; Kisely et al., 2020), and PPE adequacy (Kisely et al., 2020; Troglio Da Silva and Neto, 2021).”
Background
Factors associated with the psychological well‐being among front‐line nurses exposed to COVID‐2019 in China: A predictive study
Li, X., Zhou, Y., & Xu, X. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13146 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Prolonged Stress Causes Depression in Frontline Workers Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study in a COVID-19 Hub-Hospital in Central Italy
Magnavita, N., Soave, P. M., & Antonelli, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147316 · Cited by 113 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…et al., 2022; Doulias et al., 2021; Gündoğmuş et al., 2021; Katsuta et al., 2021; Lasalvia et al., 2021; Lasalvia et al., 2020; Li et al., n.d.; Magnavita et al., 2021a, 2021b; Magnavita et al., 2020; Moore et al., 2021; Mosolova et al., 2021; Noaimi et al., 2021; Schmid et al., 2021;…”
BackgroundInfluential
Sacrificed: Ontario Healthcare Workers in the Time of COVID-19
Brophy, J. T., Keith, M. M., Hurley, M., & McArthur, J. E. (2020) · NEW SOLUTIONS A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy · doi:10.1177/1048291120974358 · Cited by 111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2020) and have been found to be associated with PTSD symptoms (Brooks et al., 2020; Brophy et al., 2020; Carmassi et al., 2020).”
Background
Psychological distress among healthcare providers during COVID-19 in Asia: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Ching, S. M., Ng, K. Y., Lee, K. W., Yee, A. H. A., Lim, P. Y., Ranita, H., Devaraj, N. K., Ooi, P. B., & Cheong, A. T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257983 · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2021), gender (Ching et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021b; Raoofi et al., 2021; Serrano-Ripoll et al., 2020; Varghese et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2021b; Zhao et al., 2021) and frontline status (frontline HCWs defined as those providing direct care or working in high risk settings) (Bell and Wade, 2020; Carmassi et al.”
Background
Prevalence of Depression among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Olaya, B., Pérez-Moreno, M. A., Bueno‐Notivol, J., Gracia‐García, P., Lasheras, I., & Santabárbara, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10153406 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There have also been inconsistent findings on at risk groups among hospital HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic, with varied findings on whether mental health issues varies between profession (Olaya et al., 2021; Pappa et al., 2020; Santabárbara et al., 2021; Varghese et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021), gender (Ching et al.”
Result
A One-Year Prospective Study of Work-Related Mental Health in the Intensivists of a COVID-19 Hub Hospital
Magnavita, N., Soave, P. M., & Antonelli, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189888 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Prevalence of depressive symptoms among nurses in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xie, N., Qin, Y., Wang, T., Zeng, Y., Deng, X., & Guan, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235448 · Cited by 88 · cited 1× · see citing works
“With regards to physicians, hospital nurses and healthcare students, pre-pandemic studies largely supports that mental health issues have been evident in this cohort since pre-pandemic (Chen and Meier, 2021; Dyrbye et al., 2006; Gheshlagh et al., 2017; Rotenstein et al., 2016; Tung et al., 2018; Xie et al., 2020), due…”
Background
A hybrid inductive-abductive analysis of health workers’ experiences and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Hennein, R., & Lowe, S. R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240646 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stigmatization from Work-Related COVID-19 Exposure: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Schubert, M., Ludwig, J., Freiberg, A., Hahne, T. M., Starke, K. R., Girbig, M., Faller, G., Apfelbacher, C., Knesebeck, O. V. D., & Seidler, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126183 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another contributing factor could be the social stigma and social rejection (Ding et al., 2021; Gómez-Durán et al., 2020; Schubert et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2021b) faced by these professional groups due to their work, which have been found to increase experiences of”
Background
ANXIETY SYMPTOMS AS PRECURSORS OF MAJOR DEPRESSION AND SUICIDAL IDEATION
Batterham, P. J., Christensen, H. M., & Calear, A. L. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22066 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“depression (Batterham et al., 2013), support strategies will still benefit from focusing on reducing anxiety symptoms in addition to depression”
Background
History for some or lesson for all? A systematic review and meta-analysis on the immediate and long-term mental health impact of the 2002–2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak
Chau, S. W. H., Wong, O. W. H., Ramakrishnan, R., Chan, S. S. M., Wong, E. K.-Y., Li, P. Y. T., Raymont, V., Elliot, K., Rathod, S., Delanerolle, G., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10701-3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The prevalence of job stress among nurses in Iran: A meta-analysis study
Sayehmiri, K., Gheshlagh, R. G., Parizad, N., Dalvand, S., Zarei, M., Farajzadeh, M., & Karami, M. (2017) · Nursing and Midwifery Studies · doi:10.4103/nms.nms_33_17 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities during the SARS and COVID-19 epidemics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Zhao, Y.-J., Jin, Y., Rao, W., Li, W., Zhao, N., Cheung, T. C. C., Ng, C. H., Wang, Y. Y., Zhang, Q., & Xiang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.016 · Cited by 69 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2020), and the COVID-19 pandemic (Batra et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021), it is again unclear to what extent”
Background
Psychological impact of quarantine on healthcare workers
Durán, E. L. G., Martín-Fumadó, C., & Forero, C. G. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106587 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While an effective measure to reduce nosocomial outbreaks of COVID-19 in hospitals (Grzelakowska and Kryś, 2021; Huang et al., 2021), studies have demonstrated that quarantine procedures can have severe psychological impact due to feelings of threat, restrain and social isolation (Basso et al.,…”
Background
A Systematic Review and Provisional Metanalysis on Psychopathologic Burden on Health Care Workers of Coronavirus Outbreaks
Galli, F., Pozzi, G., Ruggiero, F., Mameli, F., Cavicchioli, M., Barbieri, S., Canevini, M. P., Priori, A., Pravettoni, G., Sani, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568664 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis
Raoofi, S., Kan, F. P., Rafiei, S., Khani, S., Hosseinifard, H., Tajik, F., Masoumi, M., Raoofi, N., Ahmadi, S., Aghalou, S., et al. (2021) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Comparison of a full systematic review versus rapid review approaches to assess a newborn screening test for tyrosinemia type 1
Taylor‐Phillips, S., Geppert, J., Stinton, C., Freeman, K., Johnson, S. A., Fraser, H., Sutcliffe, P. A., & Clarke, A. (2017) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1255 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Viral Sequencing to Investigate Sources of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in US Healthcare Personnel
Braun, K. M., Moreno, G. K., Buys, A., Somsen, E. D., Bobholz, M. J., Accola, M. A., Anderson, L., Rehrauer, W. M., Baker, D. A., Safdar, N., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab281 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Female Preponderance” of Depression in Non-clinical Populations: A Meta-Analytic Study
Wang, K., Lu, H., Cheung, E. F. C., Neumann, D., Shum, D., & Chan, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01398 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Stress, anxiety, depression and burnout in frontline healthcare workers during two peaks of COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
Mosolova, E., Sosin, D. N., & Mosolov, S. N. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114226 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two repeated measures study (Gündoğmuş et al., 2021; Mosolova et al., 2021) compared prevalence rates during the peaks of the first and second COVID-19 outbreak in their local area.”
Background
The Sustained Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers One Year after the Outbreak—A Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey in a Tertiary Hospital of North-East Italy
Lasalvia, A., Bodini, L., Amaddeo, F., Porru, S., Carta, A., Poli, R., & Bonetto, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413374 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mental Health of Medical Staff During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan, H., Ding, Y., & Guo, W. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000922 · Cited by 46 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…6 March 2023 Journal of Affective Disorders 330 (2023) 329–345 et al., 2020b; Yan et al., 2021), anxiety (Raoofi et al., 2021; Salari et al., 2020b; Yan et al., 2021), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Yan et al., 2021) and insomnia (Salari et al., 2020a; Salari et al., 2020b; Yan et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychiatric disorders in health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis
da Silva, F. C. T., & Neto, M. L. R. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.044 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Emergency physician stressors, concerns, and behavioral changes during COVID‐19: A longitudinal study
Baumann, B. M., Cooper, R. J., Medak, A. J., Lim, S. C., Chinnock, B. F., Frazier, R., Roberts, B. W., Epel, E. S., & Rodriguez, R. M. (2021) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14219 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In another study (Baumann et al., 2021) with emergency department (ED) physicians (n-T1 = 262, n-T2 = 252), PTSD also decreased after two months but at a lower rate of 7 %.”
Background
A One-Year Longitudinal Study: Changes in Depression and Anxiety in Frontline Emergency Department Healthcare Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Th’ng, F., Rao, K. A., Ge, L., Mao, D. R., Neo, H. N., Molina, J. A. D. C., & Seow, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111228 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL)
Bressler, R., Erford, B. T., & Dean, S. (2018) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12190 · Cited by 36 · cited 2× · see citing works
“While not reflective of actual mental 657 health diagnoses, our findings still show for the first time the proportion of hospital HCWs 658 experiencing mental health issues at a clinical level that have a high probability to lead to a 659 mental health disorder, if not present already, and requires immediate clinical…”
Background
Impact of multiple waves of COVID-19 on healthcare networks in the United States
Hassan, E. M., & Mahmoud, H. N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247463 · Cited by 33 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As 63 different COVID-19 variants (World Health Organisation, 2022) continue to trigger multiple 64 waves of outbreaks worldwide (Hale et al., 2021; Hassan and Mahmoud, 2021), many are 65”
Background
The comparison of anxiety, depression and stress symptoms levels of healthcare workers between the first and second COVID-19 peaks
Gündoğmuş, İ., Ünsal, C., Bolu, A., Takmaz, T., Ökten, S. B., Aydın, M. B., Uçar, H., Gündüz, A., & Kul, A. T. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113976 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The mental health of NHS staff during the COVID-19 pandemic: two-wave Scottish cohort study
Kock, J. H. D., Latham, H. A., Cowden, R. G., Cullen, B., Narzisi, K., Jerdan, S., Muñoz, S., Leslie, S. J., McNamara, N., Boggon, A., et al. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1079 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Elevated depressive symptoms among newer and younger healthcare workers in Japan during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Katsuta, N., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Seyama, K., Hori, S., Shida, Y., Nagura, R., Nojiri, S., & Sato, H. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12217 · Cited by 24 · cited 3× · see citing works
“One study (Katsuta et al., 2021) (n- 1 = 2529, n-T2 = 2501) found no significant difference in the prevalence of depression pre-pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic among hospital HCWs. Similar results were found for the prevalence of anxiety in Moore et al. (2021) study among medical students…”
Result
SARS-CoV-2 transmission and control in a hospital setting: an individual-based modelling study
Huang, Q., Mondal, A., Jiang, X., Horn, M. A., Fan, F., Fu, P., Wang, X., Zhao, H., Ndeffo-Mbah, M. L., & Gurarie, D. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.201895 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety Among Quarantined People, Community Workers, Medical Staff, and General Population in the Early Stage of COVID-19 Epidemic
Li, X., Yu, H., Yang, W., Mo, Q., Yang, Z., Wen, S., Zhao, F., Zhao, W., Tang, Y., Ma, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638985 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Changed the Daily Practices and Psychological State of Orthopaedic Residents?
Castioni, D., Galasso, O., Rava, A., Massè, A., Gasparini, G., & Mercurio, M. (2021) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000001728 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two studies (Castioni et al., 2021; Chene et al., 2021) compared prevalence rates before and after lockdown measures were implemented in their local area.”
Background
“Did You Bring It Home with You?” A Qualitative Investigation of the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Victorian Frontline Healthcare Workers and Their Families
Sheen, J. A., Clancy, E. M., Considine, J., Dwyer, A. J., Tchernegovski, P., Aridas, A., Lee, B. E. C., Reupert, A., & Boyd, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084897 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“by distressing experiences in the community that have been associated with mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the risk of infections in the community, lockdowns, quarantines, impacts on families and social distancing (Brooks et al., 2020; Sheen et al., 2022; Yuan et al., 2021a).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Interim Foundation Year One (FiY1) and preparedness for foundation year 1: A national survey of UK foundation doctors
Moore, C., Blencowe, N., Hollén, L., & Hamel, C. V. (2021) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2021.2015065 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two studies (Katsuta et al., 2021; Moore et al., 2021) compared pre-pandemic rates with COVID-19 rates in hospital HCWs.”
Risk factors and outcome among COVID-19 exposed and quarantined healthcare workers: A study on the status of existing practices of standard precautions
Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Kirtana, J., Singh, A., Shankar, S. H., Khan, M., Srivastava, A., Kaur, R., & Wig, N. (2020) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1579_20 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“rates of quarantine have been significantly higher in hospitals HCWs compared to the general public (Kumar et al., 2020) and have been found to be associated with PTSD symptoms (Brooks et al.”
Background
Prevalence, Incidence, and Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Stress at Three-Month Follow-Up among New York City Healthcare Workers after the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Shechter, A., Chiuzan, C. C., Shang, Y., Ko, G., Diaz, F., Venner, H. K., Shaw, K., Cannone, D. E., McMurry, C. L., Sullivan, A. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010262 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers’ absenteeism: infections, quarantines, sick leave — a database analysis of the Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1. in Bydgoszcz, Poland
Grzelakowska, K., & Kryś, J. (2021) · Medical Research Journal · doi:10.5603/mrj.a2021.0012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Seropositivity of COVID-19 among asymptomatic healthcare workers: A multi-site prospective cohort study from Northern Virginia, United States
Damluji, A. A., Wei, S., Bruce, S. A., Haymond, A. N., Petricoin, E. F., Liotta, L. A., Maxwell, G. L., Moore, B. C., Bell, R., Garofalo, S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100030 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Early evidence from the United States have demonstrated that HCWs’ risk of infection in the workplace have reduced as hospitals improve their infection control procedures, PPE use and vaccination rates (Braun et al., 2021; Damluji et al., 2021; Dunbar et al., 2021; Jacob et al., 2021; Moghadas et al., 2021).”
Impaired psychological well-being of healthcare workers in a German department of anesthesiology is independent of immediate SARS-CoV-2 exposure – a longitudinal observational study
Schmid, B., Schulz, S. M., Schüler, M., Göpfert, D., Hein, G., Heuschmann, P. U., Wurmb, T. E., Pauli, P., Meybohm, P., & Rittner, H. L. (2021) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3205/000298 · Cited by 13 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Eight datasets from 11 studies (Baumann et al., 2021; De Kock et al., 2022; Lasalvia et al., 2021; Lasalvia et al., 2020; Magnavita et al., 2021a, 2021b; Magnavita et al., 2020; Noaimi et al., 2021; Schmid et al., 2021; Shechter et al., 2021; Th’ng et al., 2021), investigated the progression of mental health outcomes…”
BackgroundResult
COVID-19 Impact in Neurosurgery Residency: Grit During Pandemic
Algattas, H., Roy, S., Agarwal, N., & Maroon, J. C. (2021) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.057 · Cited by 10 · cited 3× · see citing works
“One study (Algattas et al., 2021) with a small sample of neuropsychology residents (n = 17) found that the prevalence of depression during a COVID-19 outbreak was significantly lower than rates found before the outbreak.”
BackgroundResult
Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination program on healthcare worker infections in an academic hospital
Dunbar, E. E., Godbout, E. J., Pryor, R. J., Rozycki, H. J., & Bearman, G. M. (2021) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2021.62 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 transmission and control in a hospital setting: an individual-based modelling study
(2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.20179929 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The experience of individuals placed in quarantine: A systematic review, meta‐summary, and meta‐synthesis
Basso, M., Visintini, E., Achil, I., Fabris, S., Mattiussi, E., Danielis, M., & Palese, A. (2021) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12910 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Experiences of Front-Line Medical Staffs Fighting Against Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative StudiesPreprint
Ding, S., Deng, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., & Yang, X. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3761833 · Cited by 7 · cited 5× · see citing works
“This is not surprising given the increases in workloads, infection risks, uncertainty, and feelings of threat during the pandemic (Ding et al., 2021; Joo and Liu, 2021; Liu et al., 2020), which may have increased the likelihood of developing depression and anxiety in hospital HCWs during this time.”
Influential
Psychological impact on healthcare workers in obstetrics and gynecology in France in 18 French University Hospitals during the first Covid-19 lockdown: a prospective observational study
Chene, G., Nohuz, E., Cerruto, E., Moret, S., Atallah, A., Saoud, M., & the French Covid-Pro-Impact Consortium (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2021.2014812 · Cited by 5 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two studies (Castioni et al., 2021; Chene et al., 2021) compared prevalence rates before and after lockdown measures were implemented in their local area.”
Background
Experiences of Nurses Fighting Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Qualitative Meta-Integration
Liu, M., Zhang, N., Wang, W., Chen, Q., Chen, W., & Lin, Q. (2020) · American Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.11648/j.ajns.20200906.11 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Junior doctors’ wellbeing at peak and post-peak pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional study
Doulias, T., Thrikandiyur, A., Titus, N., Soundararasha, K., Coxon, A., Amarantidis, E., & Arulampalam, T. (2023) · Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England · doi:10.1308/rcsann.2021.0272 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of health care workers of bahrain defence force royal medical services
Noaimi, H. M. A., Noaimi, M. M. A., Fayez, F. M. A., Mushkhes, H. Q. A., & A-ni, W. (2021) · Bahrain Medical Bulletin · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

10 of the 124 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Mental health status and related factors influencing healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, J., Huang, Z.-T., Sun, X.-C., Chen, T., & Wu, X.-T. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289454 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Stress, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance among healthcare professional during the COVID-19 pandemic: An umbrella review of 72 meta-analyses
Maqbali, M. A. H. A., Alsayed, A. R., Hughes, C., Hacker, E. D., & Dickens, G. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302597 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Psilocybin Therapy for Clinicians With Symptoms of Depression From Frontline Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Back, A. L., Freeman-Young, T. K., Morgan, L., Sethi, T., Baker, K. K., Myers, S., McGregor, B. A., Harvey, K., Tai, M., Kollefrath, A. W., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Potential strategies for supporting mental health and mitigating the risk of burnout among healthcare professionals: insights from the COVID-19 pandemic
Collett, G., Korszun, A., & Gupta, A. K. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102562 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
An umbrella review and meta-analysis of 87 meta-analyses examining healthcare workers' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Boucher, V. G., Dahl, M., Lee, J., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M. R., & Puterman, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.109 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Risk and prediction of job burnout in responding nurses to public health emergencies
Wang, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, M., Wang, L., Tong, X., Song, N., Hou, J., Xiao, J., Xiao, H., & Hu, T. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-01714-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety among nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Longitudinal results over 2 years from the multicentre VOICE–EgePan study
Grasmann, L., Morawa, E., Adler, W., Schug, C., Borho, A., Geiser, F., Beschoner, P., Jerg‐Bretzke, L., Albus, C., Weidner, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.17079 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The mental health of health care workers (HCW) has been particularly affected by the pandemic and high prevalence rates of depression and anxiety were found (Kunz et al., 2021 ; Lee et al., 2023; Salari, Khazaie et al., 2020 ).”
Influential
Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic among physicians in hospitals: results of the longitudinal, multicenter VOICE-EgePan survey over two years
Morawa, E., Adler, W., Schug, C., Geiser, F., Beschoner, P., Jerg‐Bretzke, L., Albus, C., Weidner, K., Baranowski, A., & Erim, Y. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01354-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“These findings are in line with results observed in previous studies from the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic showing medical professionals from high-risk departments and those directly engaged with care for patients with COVID-19 to be more likely to report mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety…”
Result
Mental health symptoms and associated factors among primary healthcare workers in China during the post-pandemic era
Liu, D., Zhou, Y., Tao, X., Cheng, Y., & Tao, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1374667 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
High prevalence of long-term olfactory disorders in healthcare workers after COVID-19: A case-control study
Frasnelli, J., Tognetti, A., Winter, A. L., Thunell, E., Olsson, M. J., Greilert, N., Olofsson, J., Havervall, S., Thålin, C., & Lundström, J. N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306290 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Efficacy of Individual-Level Interventions to Mitigate the Risk for Burnout Among Health Care Professionals
Collett, G., Gupta, J., Eltayeb, A., Korszun, A., Sharples, L. D., Rice, K. M., & Gupta, A. K. (2025) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-25-00469 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Interconnected mental health symptoms: network analysis of depression, anxiety, stress, and burnout among psychiatric nurses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Tao, R., Wang, S., Lü, Q., Liu, Y., Xia, L., Mo, D., Geng, F., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Jiang, F., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1485726 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder and their relationship with the fear of COVID−19 and COVID−19 burden among health care workers after the full liberalization of COVID−19 prevention and control policy in China: a cross-sectional study
Liu, H., Zhou, N., Zhou, Z., Tao, X., Kong, Y., & Zhang, M. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05399-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“A recent review by Lee et al. [3] identified the studies that have investigated post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms specifically among healthcare workers (HCWs).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Impact of COVID-19 first wave on the mental health of healthcare workers in a Front-Line Spanish Tertiary Hospital: lessons learned
Molina, J. D. D., Amigo, F., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Muñóz-Ruipérez, C., Rodrigo-Holgado, I., González, A. J., Ripoll, C. E. C., Alonso, J., & Rubio, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58884-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Estimation of the prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis of meta-analyses
Rarani, M. A., Aghdash, S. A., Isfahani, H. M., & Mohseni, M. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19729-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Covid-19 pandemic? Mental health implications among nurses and Proposed interventions
Georgousopoulou, V., Pervanidou, P., Perdikaris, P., Vlachioti, E., Zagana, V., Kourtis, G., Pavlopoulou, I. D., & Matziou, V. N. (2024) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2024014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The impact of workplace support components on the mental health and burnout of UK-based healthcare professionals: Insights from the CoPE-HCP cohort study
Collett, G., Emad, A., & Gupta, A. K. (2025) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.clinme.2025.100324 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Patient experience of non-conveyance in the EMS of Southwest Finland: a descriptive survey study
Skaffari, E., Iirola, T., & Nordquist, H. (2024) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-024-00961-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Association between burnout and PTSD, and perceived stress in the workplace among healthcare workers in the intensive care unit: a PsyCOVID-ICU substudy
Fournier, A., Deltour, V., Lheureux, F., Poujol, A.-L., Ecarnot, F., Binquet, C., Quenot, J., & Laurent, A. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2454038 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Indeed, HCWs working in departments with a high risk of contamination, and who were in direct contact with COVID patients were shown to be at higher risk of developing mental health problems than HCWs working in low-risk environments (Lee et al., 2023).”
Mental health of health care workers during and after the COVID-19 pandemic – A longitudinal cohort study
Lavell, A. H. A., Sikkens, J. J., Buis, D. T. P., Smulders, Y. M., Vinkers, C. H., Bomers, M. K., & Tijdink, J. K. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000333 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, a meta-analysis identified HCWs in direct COVID-19 patient care as having a higher risk of developing mental health problems compared to other HCWs [47].”
Post-Pandemic Insomnia in Healthcare Workers: A Prospective Study including Sociodemographic, Occupational and Psychosocial Variables
Gil‐Almagro, F., Monge, F. J. C., García-Hedrera, F. J., & Peñacoba, C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13123498 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A review conducted in 2022 analyzing psychoemotional disturbances in HCWs, specifically insomnia [9], included 392 studies with single data and 18 studies with longitudinal data.”
Background
Key predictors of psychological distress and wellbeing in Australian frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 (Omicron wave)
Lee, B. E. C., Ling, M., Boyd, L., Olsson, C. A., & Sheen, J. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200839 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“, 2023), anxiety (Raoofi et al., 2021; Yan et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2023), and PTSD (Yan et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Longitudinal Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress and Occupational Well-Being of Mental Health Professionals: An International Study
Kogan, C. S., García‐Pacheco, J. Á., Rebello, T. J., Montoya, M. I., Robles, R., Khoury, B. A., Kulygina, M. A., Matsumoto, C., Huang, J., Medina‐Mora, M. E., et al. (2023) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyad046 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Smartphone-Based Stress Management Program for Depression in Hospital Nurses During COVID-19 in Vietnam and Thailand: 2-Arm Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial
Watanabe, K., Tran, T. T. T., Sripo, N., Sakuraya, A., Imamura, K., Boonyamalik, P., Sasaki, N., Tienthong, T., Asaoka, H., Iida, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/50071 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A systematic review of studies on stress during the COVID-19 pandemic by visualizing their structure through COOC, VOS viewer, and Cite Space software
Lu, L., Liu, G., Xu, Y., Jiang, J., & Wei, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1297112 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Excess risk of COVID-19 infection and mental distress in healthcare workers during successive pandemic waves: Analysis of matched cohorts of healthcare workers and community referents in Alberta, Canada
Galarneau, J.-M. F., Labrèche, F., Durand-Moreau, Q. V., Ruzycki, S. M., Adisesh, A., Burstyn, I., Zadunayski, T., & Cherry, N. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-023-00848-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…doubt that living and working through the pandemic was stressful for the population as a whole (Bu et al., 2023) and for HCWs (Li et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2023), this again seems to have reduced as the pandemic progressed, although results from longitudinal studies of HCWs are inconsistent…”
Result
Evaluation of psychological distress, burnout and structural empowerment status of healthcare workers during the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study
Taleb, S., Vahedian‐Azimi, A., Karimi, L., Salim, S., Mohammad, F., Samhadaneh, D., Singh, K., Hussein, N.-R., & Hssain, A. A. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05088-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Another meta-analysis by Lee et al. [17], examined a total of 401 studies, involving 458,754 participants from 58 different countries, revealed that the prevalence of depression was 28.5%, anxiety was 28.7%, PTSD was 25.5% and insomnia was 24.4%.”
BackgroundInfluential
An umbrella review of the prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: Call to action for post-COVID-19 at the global level
Mohseni, M., Aghdash, S. A., Bashzar, S., Isfahani, H. M., Parnian, E., & Rarani, M. A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21085-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stress, Burnout, and General Mental Health among Healthcare Workers in Poland during the Long-Lasting COVID-19 Pandemic
Budzyńska, N., & Moryś, J. M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11192617 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The results of this study indicate that the mental conditions of healthcare workers are poor and very worrying, and not only in Poland [34].”
Result
Impact of effort-reward imbalance, emotional labour, and nurse-patient relationship on physical and mental health of registered nurses in China: a structural equation modeling
Lv, F., Li, L., Wang, N., Yu, K., Nie, X., Li, K., & Jia, J. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03147-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A systematic review and meta-analysis included 401 studies, representing 458,754 healthcare workers across 58 countries suggested that the prevalence of depression was 28.5%, anxiety was 28.7%, and insomnia was 24.4% [10].”
Influential
Association of depressive symptoms with incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 over 2 years among healthcare workers in 20 countries: multi-country serial cross-sectional study
Asaoka, H., Watanabe, K., Miyamoto, Y., Restrepo, A., van der Ven, E., Moro, M. F., Alnasser, L. A., Ayinde, O. O., Balalian, A. A., Basagoitia, A., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03585-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Psychopathology symptoms of frontline nurses under sudden public health crisis: A network analysis
Dong, M., Zhang, X., & Cao, F. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3451 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Emotional Responses of Hospital Staff to the DASS-21 Survey During Mass COVID-19 Testing After the Relaxation of Prevention and Control Measures in Zhejiang, China, and Their Change Trajectory
Lu, L., Sheng, D., Xia, X., Chen, G., Liang, J., Shen, X., & Gui, Z. (2024) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s475482 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Identification and classification of risk factors for mental health problems in healthcare workers using a systemic framework: an umbrella review
Khanlari, P., NoorbalaTafti, A., Ghasemi, F., Ghiyasvandian, S., Azam, K., & Zakerian, S. A. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22840-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Other cases include the level of disease exposure [47, 49–51], direct contact with patients [7, 52], and working on the frontline [7, 29, 42, 44, 47, 50].”
Influential
Three years of pandemic stress and staffing challenges: a retrospective qualitative study of COVID-19 impacts on frontline healthcare workers’ mental health and wellbeing
Lee, B. E. C., Ling, M., Boyd, L., Olsson, C. A., Harvey, H. M. L., & Sheen, J. A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07348-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-Esteem and Occupational Factors as Predictors of the Incidence of Anxiety and Depression among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Latvia
Valaine, L., Grēve, M., Zolovs, M., Ancāne, G., Utināns, A., & Briģis, Ģ. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21010065 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The results of several cross-sectional studies show differences among the sexes regarding mental health disorders: women experienced anxiety and depression more frequently than men during the COVID-19 pandemic [3,6].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Exploring factors influencing depression among Polish nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic
Rachubińska, K., Pańczyk, M., Sygut, M., Ustianowski, P., Grochans, E., & Cybulska, A. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1272082 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evolution of psychopathology, purpose in life, and moral courage in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study
Echeverria, I., Roselló-Jiménez, L., Benito, A., Bernal, L. Á. R., O’Higgins, M. G., & Haro, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1259001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A wave of COVID-19 related PTSD? Disentangling the impact of exposure to COVID-19 related events on probable posttraumatic stress disorder in the general Dutch population
van Duinkerken, A., Bosmans, M. W. G., O'Donnell, M. L., Baliatsas, C., & Dückers, M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.032 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Developing a crisis leadership evaluation system for Chinese nursing staff during major infectious disease emergencies: a modified Delphi study
Chen, C., Zheng, X., Zhang, M., Zhang, L., Chen, W., He, S., Mu, H., Hu, X., & Lang, H. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03050-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous studies have demonstrated that frontline nursing staff experienced high levels of psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, fear, hopeless-ness, loss of purpose, insecurity, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [35].”
Identification of the risk factors for insomnia in nurses with long COVID-19
Ye, L., Zhang, F., Wang, L., Chen, Y. A., Shi, J., & Cai, T. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02212-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Management of hospital care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learnt from five European countries
Kraus, M., Stegner, C., Reiss, M., Riedel, M., Børsch, A. S., Vrangbæk, K., Michel, M., Turmaine, K., Horváth, K., Túri, G., et al. (2025) · SSM - Health Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ssmhs.2025.100050 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Before and During the First COVID-19 Surge: Work Conditions, Burnout, and Mental Health Among Resident Physicians in a Department of Psychiatry in the USA
Agrawal, A., Torre, K. D. L., Cooper, C., Flores, J., Miotto, K. A., Wells, K. B., Bromley, E., Yano, E. M., Heldt, J. P., Castillo, E. G., et al. (2023) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-023-01844-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Long‐term psycho‐traumatic consequences of the COVID‐19 health crisis among emergency department healthcare workers
Douplat, M., Curtet, M., Termoz, A., Subtil, F., Elsensohn, M. H., Mazza, S., Jacquin, L., Clement, B., Fassier, J., Nohales, L., et al. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3478 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Use of psychological interventions among healthcare workers over the 2-year period following the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
García-Vázquez, B., Martínez‐Alés, G., Fernández-Jiménez, E., Andreo-Jover, J., Moreno‐Küstner, B., Minué, S., Jaramillo, F., Morán‐Sánchez, I., Martínez-Morata, I., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292932 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psychological status and related factors of resident physicians during the release of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in China
Zhang, Q., Pan, R., Pan, Q., Qian, Y., Zhou, X., & Chen, Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1322742 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of COVID-19 safety protocols on health workers' quality of life; the mediating role of mental health and physical health; a retrospective study
Yunus, A., Zhou, L., Addai‐Dansoh, S., Tackie, E. A., Agyeiwaa, O. E., & Gbolo, S. S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34861 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“As posited by previous research, health workers (HWs) faced the risk of being infected or infecting their family and friends, and this increased their sense of isolation and stigmatization [10,11] and raised concerns about affecting their mental health [12].”
Background
Factors shaping the mental health of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study in Ghana
Gyamerah, A. O., Odiase, O. J., Habib, H. H., Achana, F. S., Canizares, A., Getahun, M., Aborigo, R., Nutor, J. J., Malechi, H., Awoonor‐Williams, J. K., et al. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12476-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…knowledge of COVID-19, contraction of COVID-19, their role as a parent/caregiver, and the COVID-19 transmission risk they pose to their family/household as sources of fear and anxiety—consis-tent with other studies in Africa and globally on factors shaping HCWs’ mental health [52, 54–57].”
Telemedicine as an Approach to the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Angola
Serra, E., & Magalhães, T. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040565 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated workplace demands and significantly impacted the mental health of healthcare professionals, resulting in high prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, insomnia, and substance abuse [3].”
Latent profile analysis of burnout, depression, and anxiety symptoms among Chinese medical staff with frontline anti-epidemic experience in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era
Hua-chun, X., Qiu, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, M., Li, J., & Xiang, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1458167 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A stress-reduction eHealth intervention for healthcare workers in primary care settings: an implementation study
García-Vázquez, B., Muñoz‐Sanjosé, A., Fernández-López, A., Pérez-de-Ciriza, I., Nocete-Navarro, L., Almaraz-Garzón, E., Martín-Palacios, M. T., Novella, B., Bravo‐Ortiz, M. F., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1600059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of depressive symptoms and work-ralated psychoacial factors among healthcare workers
Habtu, Y., Kumie, A., Selamu, M., Hasen, H., Kusheta, S., Demelash, R., & Girma, E. (2026) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-026-00416-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The pooled prevalence in our review is higher than other meta-analyses [66] conducted on HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic, but lower than the meta-analyses’ findings [67] involving studies from all over the world, and studies involving low-income countries [68].”
Work Characteristics, Workplace Support, and Mental Ill-Health in a Canadian Cohort of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cherry, N., Adisesh, A., Burstyn, I., Durand-Moreau, Q. V., Galarneau, J.-M. F., Labrèche, F., Ruzycki, S. M., & Zadunayski, T. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003074 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“There is little doubt that HCWs ’ mental health was impacted by work during the pandemic 15,16 and we have previously shown, using administrative health records, that HCWs in this cohort had an elevated risk of mental ill-health throughout the pandemic.”
Result
Como a pandemia de COVID-19 afetou a notificação de acidentes do trabalho em diferentes atividades econômicas e ocupações no Brasil? Um estudo ecológico usando o p-score
Júnior, C. J. D. S., Antunes, J. L. F., & Fischer, F. M. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2317-6369/09923pt2024v49e11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effect of a collective competence intervention on collective efficacy, psychological wellbeing, and social wellbeing: a quasi-experimental study of a sample of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 crisis
Campos, M. L., Escorza, P. B., & Bascur, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1369251 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mental health and well-being of healthcare workers in Central Asia
Seisembekov, T. Z., Bolatov, A. K., Brimkulov, N. N., Jarylkasynova, G., Taalaikanova, A., Yuldashova, R., Саломовна, К. Ш., & Smailova, D. S. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.153832.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Predictors of dropout in cognitive behavior and interpersonal online brief psychotherapies for essential professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic
Martins, D. S., Bermúdez, M. B., Costa, M. D. A., Fleck, M. P., Salum, G. A., Dreher, C. B., & Manfro, G. G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81327-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ability and utility of the Physician Well-Being Index to identify distress among Chinese physicians
Li, Z., Pu, P., Wu, M., Wang, X., Xu, H., Zhang, X., Deng, Q., Yang, W. F. Z., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., et al. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2476042 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Consistent with the prevalence of psychological distress reported in other countries [17–19], approximately one-third of Chinese physicians exhibit symptoms of depression and anxiety [10], with over half suffering from burnout [1].”
The burden of insomnia among public health sector nurses in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Ntaba, P. P., Mashaphu, S., & Narsi, K. (2025) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v31i0.2433 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mental Health Consequences of the COVID‐19 Outbreak Among Emergency Department Healthcare Workers
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Authors: Lee, B. E. C., Ling, M., Boyd, L., Olsson, C., & Sheen, J.
Affiliations: Deakin University (AU)
Eastern Health (AU)
Corresponding author: Lee, Brian En Chyi
ORCID: Lee, Brian En Chyi
Ling, Mathew
Boyd, Leanne
Olsson, Craig
Sheen, Jade
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2023-06
Volume: 330
Pages: 329-345
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.012
PMC: PMC10017178
OpenAlex: W4324335442
Cited by: 120
References: 124
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 14
FWCI: 6.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: State Government of Victoria
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, mental illness, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol and substance use disorders, insomnia, prevalence, nurses, physicians, health professions students, workplace mental health, sex differences, direct care workers
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Delivery of Health Care, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Hospitals, Humans, Mental Health, Prevalence, Pandemics

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The prevalence of probable mental health disorders among hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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